Exploring the Drug Repurposing Versatility of Valproic Acid as a Multifunctional Regulator of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells

Figure 3

VPA promotes the control of M. tuberculosis infection in macrophages. VPA reduces M. tuberculosis load in infected macrophages through the induction of autophagy and by increasing NO induced by IFN-γ. Green arrows indicate the processes, molecules, or mediators in the signaling pathway that are augmented and/or promoted by VPA. Red arrows indicate processes, molecules, or mediators in the signaling pathway that are inhibited by VPA.