Exploring the Drug Repurposing Versatility of Valproic Acid as a Multifunctional Regulator of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells

Figure 4

VPA inhibits monocyte to DC cell differentiation. VPA suppresses monocyte to DC differentiation after being stimulated with IL-4 and GM-CSF, by affecting RelB translocation (a noncanonic NF-κB subunit) into the nucleus, which contributes to the reduction in the expression of diverse characteristic surface molecules from immature DCs, including costimulation (CD80, CD83, and CD86), adhesion (ICAM-1/CD54 and DC-SIGN), MHC-II (HLA-DR), and CD1 isoform (a, b, and c) molecules. Green arrows indicate the processes, molecules, or mediators in the signaling pathway that are augmented and/or promoted by VPA. Red arrows indicate processes, molecules, or mediators in the signaling pathway that are inhibited by VPA.