Exploring the Drug Repurposing Versatility of Valproic Acid as a Multifunctional Regulator of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells

Figure 5

VPA impedes lymphocyte polarization by affecting the production of cytokines by mature DCs. VPA has diverse effects on DC maturation in response to either LPS or LPS+IFN-γ, including the reduction of costimulatory (CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86), MHC-II (HLA-DR), adhesion (DC-SIGN), CD1a, and CCR7 (CCL19 receptor) molecules, which impedes chemotaxis of such cells, as well as IL-23 and IL-12 secretion, promoting Th17 or Th1 polarization, respectively. Green arrows indicate the processes, molecules, or mediators in the signaling pathway that are augmented and/or promoted by VPA. Red arrows indicate processes, molecules, or mediators in the signaling pathway that are inhibited by VPA.