Exploring the Drug Repurposing Versatility of Valproic Acid as a Multifunctional Regulator of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells

Figure 6

VPA induces apoptosis in neutrophils and diminishes their phagocytic capacity. VPA induces apoptosis in neutrophils in response to LPS, by increasing annexin A1 release. Additionally, VPA on its own can alter the mitochondrial membrane potential and increase activation of the both caspase 9 and caspase 3, which activate the apoptosis intrinsic pathway. Furthermore, VPA impedes proliferation by stopping the cells in the G0/G1 cell cycle phase. Finally, VPA reduces their phagocytic and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus. Green arrows indicate the processes, molecules, or mediators in the signaling pathway that are augmented and/or promoted by VPA. Red arrows indicate processes, molecules, or mediators in the signaling pathway that are inhibited by VPA.