Rotavirus VP6 Adjuvant Effect on Norovirus GII.4 Virus-Like Particle Uptake and Presentation by Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

Figure 6

Adjuvant effect of VP6 on GII.4 virus-like particle (VLP) internalization and cytokine release in vitro. BMDCs were pulsed ~22 h with 100 μg/ml of GII.4 VLPs alone or in combination with VP6 (100 μg/ml) and intracellularly double-stained with antibodies specific for GII.4 VLPs and VP6. The flow cytometry analysis of unpulsed cells (a, A), GII.4 VLP-pulsed cells (a, B), and GII.4+VP6-pulsed cells (a, C) is represented as dot plots with GII.4-specific fluorescence (PE) plotted on -axis and VP6-specific fluorescence (FITC) plotted on -axis. The level of tumor-necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in BMDC supernatants was measured by ELISA after ~22 h incubation with 100 μg/ml of GII.4 VLPs alone or in combination with VP6 ( μg/ml) (b). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as a positive control. Shown are the mean concentrations (pg/ml) with standard deviations of replicate wells.

(a)

(b)