Hydroxychloroquine Effects on TLR Signalling: Underexposed but Unneglectable in COVID-19

Figure 3

Theoretical effects of HCQ at different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Potential HCQ effects on COVID-19 are schematically presented over the course of the disease, ranging from prophylactic use in uninfected subjects to therapeutic use in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in severe patients. A beneficial HCQ effect is indicated with “+” and a detrimental HCQ effect with “-.” The stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection are indicated in green. Stage 0—no infection, stage 1—virus entry and replication in the airway cells, stage 2—activation of innate and adaptive immune system, and stage 3—ARDS.