Effects of Immune System-Related Medications on COVID-19 Outcome in a Cohort of Iranian Patients: Preliminary Report of a Data Mining Study
Table 3
Logistic regression model for association of the variables with odds of death (in hospitalized improved or dead cases, the other cases were removed).
Model
Step 1: adjusted with each other
Step 2: step 1 plus adjustment with age interactions
Step 3: step 2 plus adjustment with some ICU interactions
Covariates
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
value
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
value
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
value
Age
1.041 (1.036, 1.045)
<0.001
1.047 (1.033, 1.062)
<0.001
1.048 (1.033, 1.063)
<0.001
Gender (male)
1.212 (1.048, 1.402)
0.010
0.896 (0.492, 1.632)
0.720
0.917 (0.503, 1.673)
0.778
Date (daily)
1.001 (0.999, 1.003)
0.377
1.001 (0.999, 1.003)
0.356
1.001 (0.999, 1.003)
0.372
ICU
2.919 (2.502, 3.405)
0.000
4.855 (2.582, 9.130)
<0.001
6.257 (3.142, 12.46)
<0.001
Sofosbuvir/daclatasvir
1.081 (0.891, 1.310)
0.430
1.696 (0.796, 3.610)
0.171
1.755 (0.824, 3.738)
0.145
Lopinavir/ritonavir
1.080 (0.913, 1.276)
0.370
2.031 (1.047, 3.943)
0.036
2.837 (1.442, 5.581)
0.003
Ribavirin
0.976 (0.756, 1.261)
0.855
0.539 (0.196, 1.479)
0.230
0.541 (0.198, 1.476)
0.230
Favipiravir
0.985 (0.636, 1.524)
0.945
0.215 (0.026, 1.791)
0.155
0.221 (0.027, 1.840)
0.163
Oseltamivir
0.628 (0.451, 0.873)
0.006
0.445 (0.109, 1.823)
0.261
0.433 (0.106, 1.761)
0.242
Interferon
1.014 (0.837, 1.230)
0.884
0.696 (0.319, 1.515)
0.361
0.689 (0.316, 1.500)
0.348
Metronidazole
1.077 (0.804, 1.443)
0.620
1.331 (0.377, 4.697)
0.657
1.338 (0.379, 4.729)
0.651
Linezolid
1.083 (0.705, 1.665)
0.715
0.452 (0.074, 2.747)
0.388
0.472 (0.078, 2.871)
0.415
Dexamethasone
1.099 (0.924, 1.306)
0.287
1.057 (0.519, 2.154)
0.879
1.005 (0.493, 2.048)
0.989
Hydrocortisone
1.083 (0.882, 1.330)
0.445
0.837 (0.359, 1.952)
0.681
0.870 (0.374, 2.024)
0.746
Budesonide
0.778 (0.605, 1.001)
0.051
0.812 (0.302, 2.182)
0.680
0.837 (0.313, 2.241)
0.723
Prednisolone
1.411 (1.027, 1.940)
0.034
3.448 (1.007, 11.807)
0.049
2.640 (0.703, 9.923)
0.151
Methylprednisolone
0.891 (0.652, 1.218)
0.469
0.291 (0.074, 1.140)
0.076
0.316 (0.081, 1.234)
0.097
Infliximab
1.445 (0.830, 2.516)
0.193
3.58 (0.537, 23.857)
0.188
3.703 (0.556, 24.669)
0.176
Mycophenolate
0.195 (0.022, 1.746)
0.144
NA
NA
NA
IV_Ig
0.779 (0.447, 1.359)
0.379
0.280 (0.028, 2.842)
0.282
0.278 (0.028, 2.736)
0.272
Vitamin C
0.904 (0.710, 1.151)
0.412
1.720 (0.677, 4.369)
0.254
1.793 (0.706, 4.553)
0.220
Azathioprine
1.623 (0.328, 8.040)
0.553
NA
NA
NA
Ciclosporin
3.91 (0.356, 42.909)
0.265
NA
NA
NA
Tacrolimus
3.687 (0.387, 35.08)
0.256
NA
NA
NA
Aspirin
1.094 (0.919, 1.304)
0.312
1.254 (0.627, 2.510)
0.522
1.253 (0.625, 2.511)
0.525
Warfarin
1.012 (0.653, 1.567)
0.959
1.135 (0.227, 5.668)
0.878
1.128 (0.227, 5.605)
0.883
Clopidogrel
0.956 (0.734, 1.245)
0.738
0.792 (0.267, 2.344)
0.673
0.770 (0.260, 2.278)
0.636
Acetaminophen
0.982 (0.836, 1.155)
0.830
0.909 (0.464, 1.780)
0.781
0.880 (0.449, 1.726)
0.711
Diphenhydramine
1.161 (0.980, 1.376)
0.085
1.385 (0.712, 2.693)
0.338
1.382 (0.712, 2.685)
0.339
CSF
1.363 (0.402, 4.618)
0.619
4.567 (0.535, 38.971)
0.165
4.613 (0.542, 39.237)
0.162
Cephalosporins
0.794 (0.680, 0.927)
0.003
0.451 (0.243, 0.839)
0.012
0.447 (0.235, 0.853)
0.015
Macrolides
0.825 (0.699, 0.972)
0.022
0.857 (0.431, 1.703)
0.659
0.843 (0.423, 1.683)
0.628
Fluoroquinolones
0.893 (0.751, 1.061)
0.199
1.011 (0.508, 2.013)
0.976
1.047 (0.526, 2.084)
0.897
Lincosamides
1.811 (1.482, 2.213)
<0.001
1.749 (0.771, 3.970)
0.181
1.714 (0.754, 3.895)
0.198
Glycopeptide
2.811 (2.358, 3.350)
<0.001
5.012 (2.505, 10.026)
<0.001
5.377 (2.617, 11.047)
<0.001
Carbapenems
2.141 (1.806, 2.537)
<0.001
3.181 (1.574, 6.430)
0.001
2.935 (1.406, 6.124)
0.004
Cotrimoxazol
0.748 (0.440, 1.272)
0.284
0.776 (0.068, 8.801)
0.838
0.788 (0.070, 8.840)
0.847
Heparin_group
0.882 (0.718, 1.084)
0.233
0.873 (0.397, 1.920)
0.736
0.868 (0.393, 1.918)
0.726
Hydroxychloroquine
0.735 (0.627, 0.862)
<0.001
0.757 (0.410, 1.398)
0.373
0.751 (0.406, 1.388)
0.361
The additional interactions of step 3 are the interactions of ICU admission with the significant results of step 2. NA: not applicable due to low number of observations. Significant at 0.05.
