Anti-inflammatory Effects of Empagliflozin and Gemigliptin on LPS-Stimulated Macrophage via the IKK/NF-κB, MKK7/JNK, and JAK2/STAT1 Signalling Pathways

Figure 1

Empagliflozin and gemigliptin diminished LPS-induced proinflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cells were treated with LPS (200 ng/mL) alone, plus the indicated concentrations of (a) empagliflozin (Empa) or (b) gemigliptin (Gemi) for 4 h and proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6; mRNA expression was analyzed using real-time PCR. (c) Macrophages were treated with LPS alone, plus 500 μM Gemi, 80 μM Empa, or both Gemi and Empa (Gemi+Empa) for 48 h. Cell viabilities were determined via CCK-8 assay. (d) M1 macrophage marker, CD80, was assessed via flow cytometry after 48 h treatment. Data are presented as the from three independent experiments. , , and indicate comparison with the untreated control. ^#, ^##, and ^### indicate results with statistically significant differences between the LPS-stimulated control and Gemi-, Empa-, or Gemi+Empa-treated groups. ^†, ^††, and ^††† indicate results with statistically significant differences between Empa- and Gemi+Empa-treated groups.

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