Hypoxia Inhibits Osteogenesis and Promotes Adipogenesis of Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes via Upregulation of Leptin in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Figure 2

Maintenance of the phenotype and self-renewal capacity of RA-FLSs under hypoxic condition and Hypoxia inhibits osteogenesis but increases adipogenesis of RA-FLSs. (a) Percentage of MSC-like cells of the RA-FLSs and OA-FLSs exposed to normoxic and hypoxic conditions for 48 hours (three independent experiments). (b) Colony formation assays of RA-FLSs and OA-FLSs exposed to normoxic and hypoxic conditions for 14 days. Data quantification is . (-test, three independent experiments). (c, d) RA-FLSs and OA-FLSs induction of osteoblast differentiation after culture in OIM for 21 days, and then stained by Alizarin Red solution. (e) Alizarin Red positive cells per field were counted. Data quantification is . (-test, six randomized fields, three independent experiments, and one representative experiment shown). (f) RA-FLSs and OA-FLSs induction of adipocyte differentiation after culture in AIM for 21days, and then stained with Oil Red O solution. (g) Oil O Red positive cells per field were counted. Data quantification is . (-test, six randomized fields, three independent experiments, and one representative experiment shown). , , . Scale bars: .

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)