Human Neutrophil Antigen Genotype and Allele Frequencies in Iranian Blood Donors

Esmaeili, Behnaz; Bayat, Behnaz; Alirezaee, Atefe; Delkhah, Mona; Mehdizadeh, Mohammad Reza; Pourpak, Zahra

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4387555

Journal of Immunology Research

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 4387555 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4387555

Human Neutrophil Antigen Genotype and Allele Frequencies in Iranian Blood Donors

Behnaz Esmaeili,¹Behnaz Bayat,²Atefe Alirezaee,¹Mona Delkhah,³Mohammad Reza Mehdizadeh,⁴and Zahra Pourpak¹

Academic Editor: Bufu Tang

Received04 Aug 2021

Revised30 Nov 2021

Accepted05 Jan 2022

Published07 Feb 2022

Abstract

Objective. Human neutrophil antigens (HNAs) can be targeted by HNA-allo antibodies and cause a variety of clinical conditions such as transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) and neonatal alloimmune neutropenia (NAIN). The current study is aimed at identifying the genotype and allele frequencies of HNAs in Iranian blood donors. Methods. A total of 150 blood samples were obtained from healthy blood donors. HNA-1, HNA-3, HNA-4, and HNA-5 were genotyped, using the polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) technique. The expression of the HNA-2 antigen on the neutrophil surface was evaluated by flow cytometry. Results. The allele frequencies of FCGR3B1 (encoding HNA-1a), FCGR3B2 (encoding HNA-1b), and FCGR3B3 (encoding HNA-1c) were 0.34, 0.63, and 0.03, respectively. For HNA-3, the allele frequencies for SLC44A21 (encoding HNA-3a) and SLC44A22 (encoding HNA-3b) were 0.63 and 0.37, respectively. The frequencies of ITGAM1 (encoding HNA-4a) and ITGAM2 (encoding HNA-4b) alleles were 0.85 and 0.15, respectively. Furthermore, the frequencies of ITGAL1 (encoding HNA-5a) and ITGAL2 (encoding HNA-5b) alleles were 0.72 and 0.28, respectively. In the studied population, HNA-2 antigen was present on the neutrophil surface in 97.3% of the individuals, while no detectable HNA-2 expression was observed in 2.7% of the individuals. However, no significant difference in HNA-2 expression between different age groups was found. Conclusion. The present study provides the first report of the HNA allele and genotype frequencies among the Iranian population. All HNAs (HNA-1 to HNA-5) were typed using the PCR-SSP and flow cytometer. In the current cohort study, the determined HNA allele frequencies were similar to the previous reports from British, German, and Danish populations. Considering the presence of different Iranian ethnic groups, further studies with a larger sample size are needed to draw a total picture for HNA allele frequencies.

1. Introduction

Human neutrophil antigens (HNAs) are glycoproteins expressed on the human neutrophils surface [1]. On human neutrophils, there are five antigenic systems (from HNA-1 to HNA-5) that consist of fourteen alleles located on the human neutrophil Fc gamma-receptor IIIb (FcYRIIIb) (CD16), CD177, choline transporter-like protein 2 (CTL2), Mac1 (CD11b/CD18), and LFA1 (CD11a/CD18), respectively [2]. Among HNAs, HNA-1 and HNA-2 have been identified only on the neutrophil surface [3]. However, HNA-3, HNA-4, and HNA-5 follow a broad expression pattern on other blood cells [2]. Based on CD177 expression, in HNA-2-positive individuals, one or two neutrophil subsets can be observed. Nonetheless, in some individuals (3-5% of normal population), no CD177 expression on the neutrophil surface is detectable [4]. In the case of atypical expression of HNA-2, one negative and two positive subpopulations of neutrophils are detected [5].

HNA incompatibility in the case of pregnancy or transfusion/transplantation leads to alloimmunization and the consequent production of alloantibodies. The binding of these alloantibodies on target HNAs may lead to a variety of clinical conditions such as transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) and neonatal alloimmune neutropenia (NAIN) [6]. Autoantibodies directed against HNAs are known to involve in the mechanism of autoimmune neutropenia [6].

HNA allele frequencies have been extensively studied among different populations such as Japanese [7], Chinese [8], Hong Kong [9], Thai [10], Turkish, German [11], and Africa American [12], African Blacks [13], northern Germany and Uganda [14], and Danish and Zambian [15].

Previous studies from Iranian populations have investigated the frequencies of HNA-3 and HNA-5 alleles in Iranian blood donors [16, 17]. However, there was no previous report related to the frequencies of all HNAs for Iranian populations. Given that Iran contains multiple ethnic groups, evaluation of the HNA allele frequencies provides useful information to estimate the HNA alloimmunization rate and help to design prevention strategies for the consequences of HNA alloimmunization such as NAIN, TRALI, and graft rejection. The aim of this study was to evaluate HNA allele and genotype frequencies among the Iranian population.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Population

Peripheral blood samples (In EDTA-containing vacutainer tubes) from 150 healthy donors referred to the Vesal Blood Transfusion Center, Tehran, Iran (18 females and 132 males, aged 18-61 years), were collected. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR.TUMS.IAARI.REC.1398.019). All subjects were interviewed and signed a consent form to participate in the study, and then, 5 mL whole blood was taken from each participant. Additionally, demographic data of subjects including sex, age, and ethnicity were collected. The data of questionnaires indicating the presence of six Iranian ethnic groups in the studied cohort has been summarized in Table 1.

3. DNA Extraction and Genotyping for FCGR3B (FCGR3B01, FCGR3B02, FCGR3B03), SLC44A2, ITGAM, and ITGAL Alleles

DNA was extracted from whole blood, using a DNA extraction kit (Exgene Cell SV mini, Gene All, Cat. no.: 106-101, Seoul, South Korea) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Allele and genotype frequencies for HNA-1, HNA-3, HNA-4, and HNA-5 were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) method. The primer sequences used for HNA genotyping are listed in Table 2 [18] (the primer sequences for HNA3a, HNA3b, HNA4a, and HNA4b were obtained from the ISBT reference granulocyte laboratory in Giessen). Briefly, 1 μL DNA (100 ng/μL) was amplified in a total volume of 12 μL. The reaction mix was 6 μL Taq 2x Master Mix (Taq DNA Polymerase, Ampliqon, Cat. no: A180301, Denmark) and 1 μL specific primers (10 μM). As an internal control for PCR reaction, the human growth hormone gene (HGH) (2 μM) was amplified. The PCR amplification conditions for FCGR3B1 (encoding HNA-1a), FCGR3B2 (encoding HNA1b), SLC44A21 (encoding HNA-3a) and SLC44A22 (encoding HNA-3b), ITGAM1 (encoding HNA-4a) and ITGAM2 (encoding HNA-4b) alleles were same. The PCR amplification was performed using a thermal cycler (ASTEC, Japan) as follows: 3 min initial denaturation at 95°C, followed by 35 cycles of 30 s denaturation at 95°C, 35 s at annealing temperature (different for each set of primers), and 30 s at 72°C and one cycle of 5 min at 72°C for the final extension.

For FCGR3B3 (encoding HNA-1c) and ITGAL1 (encoding HNA-5a) and ITGAL2 (encoding HNA-5b) alleles, a touchdown PCR amplification was performed using BioRad MyCycler thermal cycler with the following reaction cycles: The initial denaturation step was 2 min at 95°C. At the first stage, the temperature was gradually decreased by 0.5°C following each cycle. The second stage consisted of 20 amplification cycles. In both stages, denaturation and elongation steps were held constant for 30 and 10 seconds at 95°C and 72°C, respectively. The final elongation step was planned at 72°C for 5 min after stage 2. Then, 5 μL of the PCR products was run on 1.5% agarose gel to confirm the correct size of the PCR products (Figure 1). To check the correct target gene amplification, sequencing of the PCR products was performed (data not shown).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

Figure 1

HNA allele-specific amplicons separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis images are related to FCGR3B (FCGR3B01, FCGR3B02, FCGR3B03), SLC44A2, ITGAM, and ITGAL alleles on 1.5% agarose. The presence of each allele in the DNA samples was confirmed by the amplification of the related gene fragments using specific primers by polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP). (a–c) Individuals with FCGR3B01 (encoding HNA-1a), FCGR3B02 (encoding HNA-1b), and FCGR3B03 (encoding HNA-1c) positive alleles, respectively. (d, e) Individuals with positive SLC44A21 (encoding HNA-3a) or SLC44A22 (encoding HNA-3b) alleles, respectively. (f, g) Individuals with positive ITGAM1 (encoding HNA-4a) or ITGAM2 (encoding HNA-4b) alleles, respectively. (h, i) Individuals with positive ITGAL1 (encoding HNA-5a) or ITGAL2 (encoding HNA-5b) alleles, respectively. Sequence-specific products are shown by arrows. Human growth hormone (HGH) (495 bp) was used as an internal positive control for all PCR-SSP analyses. A DNA ladder (100–1000 bp) has been run in the first lane of the gels (on the left side) (Biofact, SM342-500, Korea).

4. Analysis of the CD177 Expression on the Neutrophil Surface

Flow cytometry was applied to evaluate the expression of the HNA-2 antigen on the neutrophil surface of donors. For this purpose, 100 μL whole blood was incubated with FITC-conjugated antibody specific for CD177 (clone MEM-166; Biolegend, Cat. no.: 315804) for 20 min at room temperature. Following the incubation period, the red blood cells (RBCs) were lysed by applying a lysis reagent (CMGRBL, 10x, Iran). The suspended cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and immediately examined by flow cytometry. Mouse IgG was used as isotype control (Biolegend). For each sample, approximately 20,000 events were acquired on a BD FACSCanto ™ II flow cytometer. Flow cytometry data was analyzed in the Flowjo software (version 7.6).

5. Statistical Analysis

The frequencies of HNA alleles were obtained by the numbers of observed genotypes. The Chi-square test was used to evaluate any deviation of the observed numbers of genotypes from the expected numbers on the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and to compare the difference in HNA genotype frequencies among different populations. For HNA-2, the subjects were grouped based on the antigen expression into four categories, according to a previous report [19]: group 1, strong expression (more than 60%); group 2, intermediate expression (50%-60%); group 3, weak expression (5% to 50%); and group 4, negative reaction (<5%) (Figure 2). ANOVA was used to compare the expression of HNA-2 between different age groups. values less than 0.05 were considered significant.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Figure 2

Flow cytometry analysis of HNA-2 expression on the neutrophils. The neutrophils were stained in whole blood with FITC conjugated anti-CD177 antibody. (a, b) Unstained and isotype controls were used to set up the flow cytometer and analyze the results. Based on HNA-2 expression, two distinct populations were identified. Among donors, the expression of the HNA-2 antigens was varied. For analysis, individuals were divided into four categories: (c) HNA-2 expression between 5% and 50%, (d) HNA-2 expression between 50% and 60%, (e) HNA-2 expression more than 60%, and (f) with the HNA-2 expression less than 5% (negative). (g) Individuals with two positive populations were analyzed as atypical expression of the HNA-2 antigen. In the histogram plots, CD177 positive and negative neutrophils were identified using bifurcated gates.

6. Results

6.1. HNA Allele Frequencies

A totally of 150 samples were analyzed for HNA-1, HNA-3, HNA-4, and HNA-5 allele frequencies and HNA-2 expression. The allele frequencies related to the HNA-1, HNA-3, HNA-4, and HNA-5 are depicted in Table 3. For HNA-1, FCGR3B2 showed the highest allele frequency (0.63). FCGR3B1 and FCGR3B3 frequencies were 0.34 and 0.03, respectively. Regarding HNA-3, HNA4, and HNA-5 antigens, the allele a was the most common. The frequency of SLC44A21 and SLC44A22 alleles was 0.63 and 0.37, respectively. For ITGAM1 and ITGAM2 alleles, a frequency of 0.85 and 0.15 was obtained, while the frequency for ITGAL1 and ITGAL2 alleles was 0.72 and 0.28, respectively.

Genotyping data for HNA-1, HNA-3, HNA-4, and HNA-5 as well as HWE analysis are shown in Table 4. Among studied subjects, the HNA-1-related gene was deleted only in one donor (0.7%). However, no donor with all three FCGR3B alleles was identified. Chi-square () test was used to evaluate the goodness of fit of the study population to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. For this purpose, the genotype frequencies were calculated based on allele frequencies, and then, the significant difference between observed and expected frequencies was evaluated using the test. The respective values obtained after comparing the difference between observed and expected frequencies for HNA-1, HNA-3, HNA-4, and HNA-5 were 0.125, 0.799, 0.740, and 0.915, respectively. According to the obtained values (all >0.05), there was no significant deviation for any of genotypes tested in the study population from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Table 4).

7. HNA-2 Expression on the Neutrophil Surfaces from Iranian Blood Donors

The expression of HNA-2 on the neutrophil surface was evaluated by flow cytometry, using fluorescence-labeled anti-CD177 mab. Based on HNA-2 expression, donors were categorized into four groups (negative, low, middle, and high expressing) (Figures 2(c)–2(f)). In the studied cohort, HNA-2 was detected in 146 donors (97.3% known as HNA-2-positive) and was absent on neutrophil surface of 4 donors (2.7% known as HNA-2-negative). Atypical expression of HNA-2 (three peaks) was observed in 9 (6%) donors. HNA-2 expression was considered negative if CD177+ cells were less than 5% [20]. The range of CD177 expression was 0.03-95.3 (: ). The HNA-2 expression showed no significant difference among different age groups () (Table 5).

A summary of the distribution of HNA allele frequencies among different ethnicities in the study cohort is depicted in Table 6.

8. Comparison of HNA Allele Frequencies among Iranian and Other Populations

The HNA-1, HNA-4, and HNA-5 genotype frequencies of Iranian blood donors showed no significant difference from the genotype reported for British and German populations (Table 7, ). However, the HNA-1 genotype frequencies in the studied cohort were significantly different from the Hong Kong, Chinese sample form Guangzhou, Danish, and Zambians reports (). Similarly, for HNA-3 antigen, the genotype frequency in our cohort was different from the reported frequencies from Hong Kong, Guangzhou, British, German, Danish, and Zambians (all ).

9. Discussion

In the last years, multiple attempts have been conducted for the detection of HNA genotyping and allele frequencies all over the world. Considering the importance of HNA allo and autoimmunizations in the mechanism of diseases such as TRALI, NAIN, AIN, and graft rejection, the data on HNA allele frequencies in a population may help to draw a picture for possible allo or auto immunization rate that can support therefore the prevention strategies.

The allele frequencies of HNAs have been widely studied all over the world. To date, HNA allele frequencies have been studied for some populations including Chinese [21], German [11], Thai [10], British [22], and Japanese [7]. Studies revealed significant variation in HNA allele frequencies among different populations. The current study is aimed at analyzing the HNA alleles in Iranian population.

Our analysis showed a similar frequencies for HNA-1, HNA-4, and HNA-5 alleles with the previous reports from German and British populations [22]. However, these frequencies were significantly different from the Chinese populations [9, 21]. In contrast to Japanese and Chinese reports and similar to Caucasian reports, in the current cohort, FCGR3B02 was the most frequently detected HNA-1 allele [7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 21–23].

Recently, the molecular mechanism regulating the HNA2 expression on the neutrophil surface has been partially identified [24]. Genetic mutations and gene polymorphisms responsible for HNA-2 expression deficiency have been investigated in some studies. A nonsense polymorphism has been reported to be associated with the absence of CD177 on the neutrophil surface [25]. Besides, it has been revealed that frameshift mutations in CD177 gene [26] and c.787A > T polymorphism in CD177 in combination with c.997delG or alone are involved in the absence of CD177 antigen on the neutrophil surface [27]. Antibodies against HNA-2 antigen participate in the mechanism of autoimmune neutropenia, allo-immune neutropenia, TRALI, and graft rejection [28–31]. Therefore, the analysis of HNA-2 expression is important to predict the immunization rate against this antigen. In the current study, HNA-2 expression was identified in 146 (97.3%) donors. Similar studies have shown presence of HNA2 on neutrophil surface of 98.7% population in Japanese [7], 97% in Brazilians [32], 86% in Koreans [33], and 99.55% in Thai blood donors [19].

HNA-2 null phenotype (neutrophils with no detectable CD177) has been observed in 3-5% of normal individuals [24]. The findings of the current study indicated a high HNA-2 expression on the neutrophil surface of the majority of the Iranian population. Furthermore, our findings revealed atypical expression of HNA-2 (two distinct positive cell populations) in 6% of donors. Previous studies have reported atypical CD177 expression in 8.5-11.5% of the normal individuals with HNA-2 atypical expression [34, 35].

A previous study on HNA-3 alleles showed a frequency of 0.74 and 0.26 for SLC44A21 and SLC44A22 alleles, respectively [17]. Similarly, the current analysis showed SLC44A21 as the dominant allele with a 0.63 frequency. Interestingly, this frequency is significantly different from other reports in the other populations [7, 9, 11]. The results of HNA-5 typing in 190 Azerbaijani blood donors showed 0.51 and 0.49 frequencies for ITGAL1 and ITGAL2, respectively [16]. Similarly, our findings indicated ITGAL1 as a common allele. Similar results have been obtained from Malay, Chinese, and Indian populations [8].

Iranian population contains high ethnic diversity. The majority of the Iranian population are Persians. Persians and Azerbaijanis make up 70 percent of the population in Iran [36]. The cohort size has limited our analysis on the frequency of different HNA alleles among different ethnic groups in Iran. Hence, further studies with a larger sample size are required to draw a total picture of the distribution of the HNA allele and genotype among the different Iranian ethnic groups.

The similarity of some HNA allele frequencies between Iranian and some well-studied populations reported in the other studies may help to predict an immunization figure for those antigens in the Iranian population. Following the current data, a precise immunization rate against HNA alleles required a complementary study on antibody detection.

Data Availability

All results were included in the manuscript. Data are available on request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO) for their support and provide blood samples from Iranian blood donors. We also appreciate our colleagues in the granulocyte laboratory at the University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg (UKGM) for their collaboration and their scientific advice. This study was supported by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran.

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