Is Vitamin D Deficiency the Cause or the Effect of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Evidence from Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis

Figure 4

MR results for causal role of serum vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels on SLE. MR-RAPS method was not applicable for causal effect of SLE on vitamin D with model 2 for limited SNPs. SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphisms; IVW: inverse variance weighted; MR-RAPS: MR-robust adjusted profile score.