Is Vitamin D Deficiency the Cause or the Effect of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Evidence from Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis

Table 2

MR-PRESSO estimates between vitamin D and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Exposure	Outcome	Model	Raw estimates				Outlier corrected estimates				Distortion test
			nSNP	Beta	OR (95% CI)	value	nSNP	Beta	OR (95% CI)	value	value
SLE	Vitamin D	Model 1	8	-0.008	0.992 (0.986, 0.998)	0.047	8	NA	NA	NA	NA
SLE	Vitamin D	Model 2	7	-0.009	0.991 (0.985, 0.997)	0.041	7	NA	NA	NA	NA
SLE	25-Hydroxyvitamin D	Model 1	38	-0.004	0.996 (0.992, 0.999)	0.04	36	-0.004	0.996 (0.992, 0.999)	0.008	0.747
SLE	25-Hydroxyvitamin D	Model 2	33	-0.005	0.995 (0.991, 0.999)	0.014	32	-0.006	0.994 (0.990, 0.998)	0.004	0.772
Vitamin D	SLE	Model 1	53	-0.303	0.739 (0.419, 1.301)	0.299	53	NA	NA	NA	NA
Vitamin D	SLE	Model 2	46	-0.27	0.763 (0.442, 1.319)	0.337	46	NA	NA	NA	NA
25-Hydroxyvitamin D	SLE	Model 1	160	0.432	1.540 (0.811, 2.924)	0.188	160	NA	NA	NA	NA
25-Hydroxyvitamin D	SLE	Model 2	147	0.483	1.621 (0.839, 3.132)	0.153	147	NA	NA	NA	NA

SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; OR: odds ratio; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphisms.