Sex-Specific Immune Responses to Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Diabetic Individuals: Implications for Vaccine Efficacy

Table 1

Illustrating the control and research groups (diabetes and nondiabetes) that were challenged by the influenza virus.

Group name	Gender	Infected by H1N1	Vaccine (VaxiGrip) + adjuvant N3	Number of individuals
Control (FCtrl)	Female	No	No	5
Nondiabetic (FD−)	Female	Yes	Yes	5
Diabetic (FD+)	Female	Yes	Yes	5
Control (MCtrl)	Male	No	No	5
Nondiabetic (MD−)	Male	Yes	Yes	5
Diabetic (MD+)	Male	Yes	Yes	5

Note: The groups in total were six; three males and three females groups. The study groups were vaccinated with VaxiGrip and the adjuvant N3 (1 µg HA/N3) excluding the control. All vaccinated individuals in the research groups received the same dose. N3, cationic lipid adjuvant; H1N1 virus, influenza A/California/07/2009(H1N1)pdm.