Journal of Immunology Research

Research Article

Broadly Reactive SARS-CoV-2-Specific T-Cell Response and Participation of Memory B and T Cells in Patients with Omicron COVID-19 Infection

Table 2

Immune cells profile in Omicron COVID-19 patients.


	Total Omicron-infected patients (n = 19)	p Value^a	Vaccinated Omicron-infected patients (n = 15)	p Value^b	Total mild SARS-CoV-2 patients (asymptomatic and symptomatic 2020)	p Value^c	Uninfected controls (n = 18)	p Value^d	p Value^e

NK and NKT-like cell profile
NK cells	13.4 (8.5–20.1)	ns	17.7 (11.4–21.5)	ns	1.3 (0.6–2.8)	0	18.1 (12.2–23.73)	0.0001	0.0001
NKT-like cells	7.1 (3.1–12)	ns	7.4 (4.2–14.4)	ns	3.1 (0.8–7.6)	0.016	4.9 (3.15–7.7)	0.0007	0.0003
B-cell profile
B cells	10 (7–13.6)	ns	8.2 (5.5–12.7)	ns	4.5 (2.9–6.4)	0	9.95 (7.525–12.4)	0.0001	0.0002
Memory B cells	23 (17.8–30.8)	ns	28.2 (21.1–36.3)	ns	6.9 (3.6–17.2)	0	19.35 (17.58–27.35)	0.0001	0.0001
T-cell Profile
CD4⁺Th cells	48.9 (44.5–56.4)	0.0176	48.9 (44.5–56.4)	0.0372	69.5 (59.7–78.3)	0	65.65 (51.23–76.85)	0.0001	0.0001
CD8⁺Tc cells	36.6 (29–40.2)	0.0001	36.6 (29–44.1)	0.0003	22.3 (12.7–31.3)	0	13.55 (6.425–24.2)	0.0002	0.0007
Memory T-cell profile
CD4⁺ Naïve T cells	41.5 (22.7–57.2)	ns	32.2 (22.7–56.4)	ns	NA		22.4 (3.95–47.3)	NA
CD4T_CM cells	34.1 (23.1–41.5)	ns	38.6 (28.1–43.8)	0.0372			24.4 (8.65–40.1)
CD4⁺⁺ T_EMRA cells	1.5 (0.9–2.7)	0.0001	1.8 (0.9–2.6)	0.0001			26.6 (14.3–38.2)
CD4⁺effector T cells	21.5 (11.1–30.2)	ns	21.3 (11.1–30.2)	ns			2.75 (0.7–40.8)
CD8⁺ naïve T cells	37.4 (20.8–57.2)	0.0062	36.6 (21.3–47)	0.0108			15.1 (3.8–25.9)
CD8⁺ T_CM cells	8.15 (5.2–13.8)	0.0029	8.6 (5.9–12.9)	0.0053			1.95 (0.9–7.95)
CD8⁺ T_EMRA cells	20.7 (9.6–41.3)	ns	36.5 (12–44)	ns			17.3 (11.8–32.8)
CD8⁺effector T cells	21.5 (12.3–32.7)	0.0005	21.4 (13.5–28.2)	0.0005			45.6 (26.5–64.8)

ns, nonsignificant; NA, not available. Comparison of immune cell profiles among total Omicron COVID-19 patients group (n = 19), vaccinated Omicron-infected patients group (n = 15), total mild SARS-CoV-2 patients group (2020) (n = 45) and uninfected healthy controls (n = 18). Percentage of each cell type is represented as median (IQR), p value <0.05 is considered significant, p value ^a: total Omicron COVID-19 patients vs. uninfected controls, p value ^b: vaccinated Omicron COVID-19 patients group vs. uninfected controls, p value ^c: total mild SARS-CoV-2 patients (2020) vs. uninfected controls, p value ^d: total Omicron COVID-19 patients group vs. total mild SARS-CoV-2 patients group (2020), p value ^e: vaccinated Omicron-infected patients group vs. total mild SARS-CoV-2 patients (2020) group.