Seroprevalence and Potential Risk Factors of Toxocariasis among General Population in Southwest Iran: Implications on the One Health Approach
Table 1
Logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with toxocariasis among general population from Abadan and Khorramshahr cities (Khuzestan Province, southwest Iran).
Variable
No. of tested (%)
Seroprevalence
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
%
95% CI
COR
95% CI
p value
AOR
95% CI
p value
Age group (years)
<20
45 (12.4%)
13 (28.9%)
17.73–43.37
2.55
0.92–7.12
0.073
3.69
0.84–16.29
0.084
20–39
157 (43.3%)
11 (7.0%)
3.96–12.11
0.47
0.17–1.30
0.145
0.59
0.17–2.03
0.404
40–59
110 (30.3%)
15 (13.6%)
8.44–21.29
0.99
0.38–2.61
0.988
1.08
0.34–3.45
0.898
≥60
51 (14.0%)
7 (13.7%)
6.81–25.72
Ref
—
—
Ref
—
—
Gender
Male
173 (47.7%)
26 (15.0%)
10.47–21.11
1.49
0.81–2.78
0.20
1.47
0.70–3.03
0.314
Female
190 (52.3%)
20 (10.5%)
6.92–15.70
0.67
0.36–1.24
—
0.68
0.33–1.43
—
Education level
Diploma or lower
260 (71.6%)
37 (14.2%)
10.50–19.0
1.72
0.81–3.73
0.160
0.34
0.11–1.05
0.061
University degree
103 (28.4%)
9 (8.7%)
4.66–15.78
0.58
0.27–1.24
—
2.91
0.95–8.92
—
Residence area
Urban
292 (80.4%)
22 (7.5%)
5.03–11.14
0.16
0.08–0.31
<0.001
0.54
0.15–1.89
0.336
Rural
71 (19.6%)
24 (33.8%)
23.88–45.38
6.27
3.25–12.08
—
1.86
0.53–6.57
—
Source of drinking water
Purified water
309 (85.1%)
27 (8.7%)
6.07–12.41
0.18
0.09–0.35
<0.001
0.47
0.15–1.47
0.192
Unpurified water
54 (14.9%)
19 (35.2%)
23.82–48.51
5.67
2.86–11.23
—
2.15
0.68–6.81
—
Contact with dog
Yes
252 (69.4%)
45 (17.9%)
13.62–23.06
23.91
3.23–100.0
0.002
3.85
0.39–33.33
0.246
No
111 (30.6%)
1 (0.9%)
0.2–4.93
0.04
0.01–0.31
—
0.26
0.03–2.54
—
Contact with soil
Yes
127 (35.0%)
37 (29.1%)
21.94–37.56
10.0
4.76–25.0
<0.001
2.94
0.99–9.09
0.053
No
236 (65.0%)
9 (3.8%)
2.02–7.09
0.10
0.04–0.21
—
0.34
0.11–1.01
—
Eating improperly washed vegetables
Yes
149 (41.0%)
36 (24.2%)
17.99–31.63
6.67
3.12–14.29
<0.001
1.33
0.34–5.26
0.685
No
214 (59.0%)
10 (4.7%)
2.56–8.39
0.15
0.07–0.32
—
0.75
0.19–2.98
—
History of drinking untreated water
Yes
156 (43.0%)
37 (23.7%)
17.72–30.97
6.67
3.23–14.29
<0.001
1.3
0.34–5.0
0.698
No
207 (57.0%)
9 (4.3%)
2.30–8.05
0.15
0.07–0.31
—
0.77
0.20–2.95
—
Having information about toxocariasis and its transmission routes
Yes
22 (6.1%)
2 (9.1%)
2.53–27.81
0.68
0.15–3.03
0.605
0.44
0.08–2.33
0.335
No
341 (93.9%)
44 (12.9%)
9.75–16.88
1.48
0.33–6.56
—
2.27
0.43–12.04
—
COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. p-value < 0.05 indicates a significant difference in seroprevalence between the categories within each characteristic.
