Research Article

Incidence and Mechanisms of Coronary Perforations during Rotational Atherectomy in Modern Practice

Table 1

Indication for RA and perforation location, type, mechanisms, and consequences.

CasePerforation locationPerforationRA indication, mechanism of perforation, type of rotawire, numbers of burr runShock

1LAD-apical branchType 5Primary indication; vessel trauma by floppy rotawire tip-
2RCA-M-D junction, acute turn with small radiusType 2Bail-out indication; bias cutting into noncalcified side beyond acute turn, burr deviated from calcium (1.25 mm burr, burr to artery ratio 0.43, floppy rotawire); numbers of burr run = 19 before crossing and another 13 after crossing caused perforation-
3First diagonal, bodyType 2Bail-out indication; bias cutting into noncalcified side beyond D1 ostium, burr deviated from calcium (1.25 mm burr, burr to artery ratio 0.48, floppy rotawire); numbers of burr run = successful crossing in 1 and another 4 after crossing caused the perforationHypotensive
4LAD-M, underexpanded stent edgeType 3Bail-out indication; rotawire damage by burr, wire transection and burr derailment (floppy rotawire, 1.25 mm burr); numbers of burr run = 11, all pushed forcefully against the lesion for few seconds (thus damaged the wire)Profound shock, short-duration
5LCX-PMJ, 90-degree acute turnType 3Primary indication; wire too shallow, rotawire damage and transection by burr, burr derailment (extra-support rotawire, 1.25 mm burr); numbers of burr run = 3No, limited by previous CABG
6First diagonal, bodyType 2Bail-out indication; bias cutting into noncalcified side beyond D1 ostium, burr deviated from calcium (1.25 mm burr, burr to artery ratio 0.54, floppy rotawire); numbers of burr run = successful crossing in 1 and another 4 after crossing caused the perforation-
7LCX-far distalType 5Vessel trauma by floppy rotawire tip due to no release of brake during dynaglide,-
LCX-distalType 2Bail-out indication; smallest 1.25 mm rota burr too large for small-sized mid-LCX (burr to artery ratio 0.82, floppy rotawire); numbers of burr run = 5 before lesion crossing and another 11 after crossing caused the perforation-
8LCX-M, acute bendsType 3Primary indication; 1. Start with too big (1.5 mm) burr, could not ablate calcium at inner curvature of first acute turn (burr to artery ratio 0.64, extra-support rotawire) 2. Bias cutting into noncalcified side beyond first turn, burr deviated from calcium; numbers of burr run = 22 before crossing and another 8 after crossing caused the perforationProfound shock, long duration
8LAD-P, LAD-MDJ, S-shaped bendsType 3Primary indication; bias cutting through calcium into adventitia of proximal curvature (LAD-P) as burr could not go down the very-hard second curvature, burr deviated from calcium (1.25 mm burr, burr to artery ratio 0.45, floppy followed by extra-support rotawires); numbers of burr run = 32 for the floppy and 55 for the extra-support rotawireFurther shock, long duration
9RCA-P-M junction with acute turnType 2Primary indication; bias cutting into noncalcified inner curvature side of the acute turn (1.5 and 1.75 mm burrs, burr to artery ratio 0.52, floppy rotawire), numbers of burr run = 18 for the 1.5 mm burr and another 11 for the 1.75 mm burr across the perforation siteHypotensive