Surgical Challenges in Multi-Vessel Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Table 1

Surgical challenges and clinical incidence (n = 118).

	Number	(%) (n/118)
Total number of cases (n, mean ± SD)	38	32
Exposure problems of access
Pleural adhesion	7	6
Pericardium adhesion	1	2
Chest deformity	1	2
Expansion of incision	4	3
Proximal anastomosis
Severe calcification of aorta (LITA + RITA)	1	2
Anastomosis bleeding and reclamping	6	5
Conversion to adjacent intercostal space	4	3
Unsatisfied TTFM results of LAD anastomosis
Endarterectomy or distal patch angioplasty	4	3
Another vein-LAD graft	3	3
Other distal anastomoses
Diffused plague and occlusion	4	3
Endarterectomy	3	3
Undisposed	1	2
RCA exposure	3	3
LITA unavailability	4	3
Y-shaped all vein grafts	4	3
Intolerance of single-lung ventilation	3	3

LITA, left internal thoracic artery. RITA, right internal thoracic artery. TTFM, transit time flow measure. LAD, left anterior descending artery. RCA, right coronary artery.