CT-IGFBP-4 as a Predictive Novel Biomarker of Ischemic Cardiovascular Events and Mortality: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Descriptive characteristics and findings in the included studies.

S.N.	Study	Study population	Population size, mean age	Gender	Findings			Predictability
1.	García-osuna [14]	Hospitalized patients with ST-elevation myocardial ischemia	196, 65	Male: 74%; Female: 26%	Total (n) = 196			AUC 0.63 (95% CI 0.49–0.76) in MACE
					MACE (n) = 26	Non-MACE (n) = 170
					CT-IGFBP-4 ≥ 62 ng/mL; Hazard ratio (HR) = 2.95	CT-IGFBP-4 ≤ 62 ng/mL
					Conclusion: CT-IGFBP-4 is a strong predictor of MACE
2.	Schulz et al. [10]	Patients with stable cardiovascular disease	229, 64	Male: 61% Female: 39%	Total (n) = 229			0.61 (95% CI 0.54–0.69) in CAD
					Events	CT-IGFBP-4	CT-IGFBP-4
						≥31.55 ng/mL	≤31.55 ng/mL
					Death	7	5
					Re-hospitalization	23	13
					Re-vascularization	26	20
					Conclusion: CT-IGFBP-4 is not significantly associated with an increased risk of rehospitalization, revascularization, and death in patients with stable cardiovascular disease.
3.	Konev et al. [11]	Patients hospitalized with acute heart failure (AHF)	156, 76.7	NR	Total (n) = 156			0.753 (95% CI 0.657–0.850) in cardiovascular mortality
						Non-survivors (n) = 52	Survivors (n) = 104
					CT-IGFBP-4 at admission; Median(IQR)	136 (104–203)	88 (47–133)
					Hazard ratio (HR)
					A cut-off value of CT-IGFBP-4 at admission	One-month mortality	One-year mortality
					≥92.5 ng/mL	6.15	4.20
					Conclusion: CT-IGFBP-4 is significantly associated with increased mortality in AHF.
4.	Postnikov et al. [12]	Patients in ER with symptoms of myocardial ischemia	180, 63	Male: 53% Female: 47%	Total patients (n) = 180			0.809 (95% CI 0.726–0.892) in MACE
					Patients with MACE (n) = 16	Patients without MACE (n) = 164
					CT-IGFBP-4 (ng/mL); Median(IQR) = 160 (103–258)	CT-IGFBP-4 (ng/mL); Median(IQR) = 84 (61–122)
					Conclusion: CT-IGFBP-4 is significantly associated with increased risk of MACE in nonSTEMI patients.
5.	Hjortsberg et al. [13]	STEMI patients being treated with percutaneous coronary	656, 62	Male: 73% Female: 27%	Total (n) = 656			0.80 (95% CI 0.75–0.86) in cardiovascular mortality
					MACE (n) = 166	Without-MACE (n) = 490
					CT-IGFBP-4 (ng/mL); Median(IQR) = 69 (46–108); Hazard ratio (HR) = 2.07	CT-IGFBP-4 (ng/mL); Median(IQR) = 45 (31–66)
					Conclusion: CT-IGFBP-4 is significantly associated with increased risk of mortality in STEMI patients.

Age is expressed in mean and gender in percentage. IQR, interquartile range. NR, not reported. MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events. AHF, acute heart failure. STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial ischemia. CT-IGFBP-4, carboxyl-terminal insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4.