Management of Failed Bioprosthetic Aortic Valves: Mitigating Complications and Optimizing Outcomes

Table 1

Risk /protective factors for SVD.

	Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)	value
Risk factors
Younger age
Age per 1 year decrease	1.10 (1.06, 1.12)	<0.0001
Increasing BSA	1.77 (1.04, 3.01)	0.034
PPM	1.95 (1.56, 2.43)	<0.001
Smoking	2.28 (1.37, 3.79)	0.0015
Protective factor
Anticalcification preparation	0.41 (0.19, 0.89)	0.025
Older age
Age >60 years	0.12 (0.06, 0.23]	<0.0001
Age >65 years	0.06 (0.02, 0.21)	<0.0001
Age >70 years	0.06 (0.01, 0.28)	0.0004

BSA = body surface area; PPM = patient prosthesis mismatch. Adapted from Ochi A, Cheng K, Zhao B, Hardikar AA, Negishi K. Patient Risk Factors for Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Heart Lung Circ. 2020; 29 : 668–678.