Rapid Classification and Treatment Algorithm of Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Coronary Syndromes: The SAVE ACS Classification
Table 4
Frontline variables in ACS patients grouped by vital status at 30 days.
Survival at 30 days
value
AUC
Alive (N = 10548)
Deceased (N = 891)
Demographics (N = 11439)
Age (years)
63.4 ± 14.2
72.6 ± 14.0
<0.001
Gender (male) N (%)
7687 (72.9)
593 (66.6%)
<0.001
Clinical assessment (N = 10107)
Killip class (%)
0.675 (0.651–0.698)
(I) No evidence of heart failure
91.5
58.1
<0.001
(II) Basal crepitations/raised venous pressure
4.5
9.2
(III) Pulmonary oedema
2.6
8.8
(IV) Cardiogenic shock
1.4
23.9
Baseline blood pressure (N = 6110)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
129.2 ± 25.2
98 ± 36.2
<0.001
0.770 (0.742–0.798)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
77.9 ± 16.9
79.2 ± 29.8
0.411
Inotropic support on arrival N (%)
72 (0.7)
57 (6.4)
<0.001
Electrocardiogram on admission (N = 11189) (%)
No dynamic changes
10.6
7.7
<0.001
LBBB
4.9
6.1
Other abnormality
5.2
9.7
T-wave changes
7.4
2.6
ST depression
9
11.7
ST segment elevation
63
62.2
Bedside LV systolic function assessment (N = 4448) (%)
Good/mildly impaired (>45%)
70.3
30.7
<0.001
Moderate impairment (35–45%)
20.4
27.6
0.728 (0.700–0.756)
Severely impaired (<35%)
9.3
41.7
Arterial blood gas on admission (N = 3752)
Lactate (mmol/L)
1.5 (1.1 to 2.4)
3.7 (2.0 to 7.1)
<0.001
0.780 (0.759–0.801)
pH
7.41 (7.37 to 7.45)
7.31 (7.24 to 7.39)
<0.001
0.773 (0.743–0.803)
pO2 (kPa)
11.3 (9.11 to 14.2)
12.55 (9.35 to 21.45)
<0.001
0.559 (0.532–0.586)
pCO2 (kPa)
4.92 (4.35 to 5.5)
5.29 (4.37 to 6.27)
<0.001
0.580 (0.552–0.609)
BE (mmol/L)
−1.2 (−3.6 to 1)
−6.35 (−8.9 to 2.8)
<0.001
0.778 (0.756–0.800)
K (mmol/L)
3.8 (3.5 to 4.2)
4.1 (3.7 to 4.6)
<0.001
0.605 (0.578–0.632)
Glc (mmol/L)
7.6 (6.3 to 10.1)
10.6 (7.78 to 14.8)
<0.001
0.693 (0.670–0.717)
Cardiac arrest parameters (N = 11439)
Cardiac arrest N (%)
816 (7.7)
458 (51.4)
<0.001
Cardiac arrest on admission—ongoing resuscitation N (%)
6 (0.1)
29 (3.3)
<0.001
Ventilated preprocedure N (%)
215 (2.1)
273 (32.1)
<0.001
Type of arrest
<0.001
Asystole
8.2
18.2
EMD
2.8
21.1
VF/pulseless VT
79.2
58.1
Unknown
9.8
2.6
AUC: area under the curve, LBBB: left bundle branch block, LV: left ventricle, BE: base excess, Glc: glucose, EMD: electromechanical dissociation, VF: ventricular fibrillation, and VT: ventricular tachycardia.
