Clinical and Laboratory Predictors of Long-Term Outcomes after Catheter Ablation for a Ventricular Electrical Storm

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the studied population and in relation to the long-term outcome of the radiofrequency ablation (RFA) performed due to ventricular electrical storm.

	Patients included in the study (n = 62)	Long-term effective ablation (n = 19)	Long-term partially successful ablation (n = 15)	Long-termineffective ablation (n = 13)	value
Age, years	65.7 ± 11.6	60.7 ± 12.9	63.5 ± 13.4	68.8 ± 6.6	0.263
Gender, male	56 (90.3%)	17 (89.5%)	13 (86.7%)	11 (84.6%)	0.920
Underlying heart disease:
ICM	45 (72.6%)	14 (73.7%)	11 (73.3%)	6 (46.2%)	0.291
DCM	12 (19.4%)	3 (15.8%)	3 (20%)	5 (38.5%)	0.308
ARVC	3 (4.8%)	2 (10.5%)	1 (6.7%)	0	0.488
LVNC	2 (3.2%)	0	0	2 (18.3%)	0.065
LVEF, %	28.4 ± 9.7	31.6 ± 10.8	29.3 ± 10.1	24.5 ± 7.4	0.071
Comorbidities:
HFpEF	1 (1.6%)	1 (5.3%)	0	0	0.471
HFmrEF	3 (4.8%)	0	0	1 (7.7%)	0.263
HFrEF	54 (87.1%)	15 (79%)	14 (93.3%)	12 (92.3%)	0.381
Hypertension	31 (50%)	9 (47.4%)	8 (53.3%)	5 (38.5%)	0.733
Atrial fibrillation	24 (38.7%)	7 (36.8%)	9 (60%)	3 (23.1%)	0.128
Diabetes	21 (33.9%)	2 (10.5%)	6 (40%)	4 (30.8%)	0.129
Chronic renal failure	24 (38.7%)	4 (21.1%)	6 (40%)	6 (46.2%)	0.220
COPD	7 (11.3%)	1 (5.3%)	4 (26.7%)	2 (15.4%)	0.285
Charlson comorbidity index, median	3	3	4	3	0.172
Pharmacotherapy at the time of RFA:
Amiodarone	32 (51.6%)	7 (36.8%)	11 (73.3%)	9 (69.2%)	0.065
B-blocker	55 (88.7%)	16 (84.2%)	13 (86.7%)	13 (100%)	0.342
ACEI/ARB/ARNI	49 (79%)	15 (78.9%)	10 (66.7%)	13 (100%)	0.262
MRA	36 (58.1%)	10 (52.6%)	7 (46.7%)	9 (69.2%)	0.474
Sotalol	3 (4.8%)	1 (5.3%)	1 (6.7%)	0	0.663
Class I antiarrhythmic drug	3 (4.8%)	1 (5.3%)	0	1 (7.7%)	1.000
Total procedure duration, min	218 ± 60	193 ± 55	218 ± 46	253 ± 72	0.086
Median number of VTs induced during EPS	2	1	2	3	0.269
RF applications location:
LV anterior	11 (17.7%)	1 (5.3%)	4 (26.7%)	0	0.045
LV posterior	4 (6.5%)	0	1 (6.7%)	1 (7.7%)	0.495
LV lateral	12 (19.4%)	3 (15.8%)	2 (13.3%)	4 (30.8%)	0.449
LV inferior	11 (17.7%)	2 (10.5%)	3 (20%)	3 (23.1%)	0.607
LV apex	16 (25.8%)	5 (26.3%)	5 (33.3%)	2 (15.4%)	0.552
LVOT	5 (8.1%)	1 (5.3%)	2 (13.3%)	2 (15.4%)	0.607
IVS	7 (11.3%)	1 (5.3%)	3 (20%)	2 (15.4%)	0.418
RVOT	2 (3.2%)	1 (5.3%)	0	1 (7.7%)	0.580
RV apex	1 (1.6%)	1 (5.3%)	0	0	0.471
Clinical VT rate, bpm	151 ± 29	145 ± 23	143 ± 28	166 ± 37	0.224

ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin receptor antagonist, ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, ARVC: arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy, EPS: electrophysiological study, HFmrEF: heart failure with midrange ejection fraction, HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, ICM: ischemic cardiomyopathy, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, LVNC: left ventricular noncompaction, MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, RVOT: right ventricular outflow tract, VT: ventricular tachycardia. The difference between patients included in the study and the number of patients analyzed for long-term effective ablation results from incomplete follow-up (loss of 15 patients).