Abstract
An oscillatory mixed-convection fluid flow mechanism across a nonconducting horizontal circular cylinder embedded in a porous medium has been computed. For this purpose, a model in the form of partial differential equations is formulated, and then, the governing equations of the dimensionless model are transformed into the primitive form for integration by using primitive variable formulation. The impact of emerging parameters such as porous medium parameter , Richardson number , magnetic force parameter , and Prandtl number Pr on skin friction, heat transfer, and current density is interpreted graphically. It is demonstrated that accurate numerical results can be obtained by the present method by treating nonoscillating and oscillating parts of coupled partial differential equations simultaneously. In this study, it is well established that the transient convective heat transfer, skin friction, and current density depend on amplitude and phase angle. One of the objects of the present study is to predict the mechanism of heat and fluid flow around different angles of a nonconducting horizontal circular cylinder embedded in a porous medium.
1. Introduction
The mixed convection mechanism and thermally driven flow in a porous medium have important applications in utilizing geothermal energy, industrial process, and mechanical, civil, and chemical engineering. Moreover, in insulation materials, the flow of helium in pebble-bed nuclear reactors, underground disposal of nuclear or nonnuclear waste, food processing and storage, metallurgy, crude oil extraction, flow in the eye of glaucoma patients, and flow through filtering media are important examples of fluid flows in the porous medium. Porous medium effects cause resistance to the fluid flow due to the difference between the viscosity of a porous medium and the fluid. In the view of these applications, Joshi and Gebhart [1] presented a technical note on the mixed-convection mechanism through heat flux surface with a porous medium by using Hamming’s predictor-corrector method. The heat and fluid flow mechanism over a flat plate which is placed in a porous medium has been performed in Hossain et al.’s study [2]. They used Keller box technique to obtain numerical results with free-stream velocity and small amplitude variations in the wall temperature. The effect of transverse magnetic field on mixed-convection phenomena over a semi-infinite permeable vertical plate in a porous medium at constant heat flux has been studied by Chamkha [3]. Later, Chamkha et al. [4] proposed a nonsimilar boundary-layer problem for the natural convection flow around an isothermal sphere placed in a saturated porous medium.
The mixed-convection boundary-layer flow considering Cu, , and Ti as a nanoparticles in the base fluid along the heat and cooled cylinder has been investigated in Nazar et al.’s study [5]. Gorla et al. [6] discussed a boundary layer phenomenon of the mixed convection flow of the nanofluid past a vertical wedge that is placed in a porous medium theoretically. Cimpean and Pop [7] studied the effect of a porous medium on the fully developed mixed-convection flow along a channel for the saturated nanofluid. Imran et al. [8] presented an analysis of mixed-convection unsteady flow over a stretching vertical sheet placed in a porous medium with a heat source. Sumaily and Thomson [9] studied a steady and pulsating forced-convection flow around a circular cylinder placed in an empty or porous medium and concluded that heat transfer enhances due to the porous medium. Hayat et al. [10] analyzed a mixed-convection flow mechanism over a porous sheet in the presence of convective boundary conditions with variable thermal conductivity effects. They examined similar effects of velocity and temperature profiles in the qualitative sense. Darcy and porous particle diameter-affected heat transfer rate in the cavity has been computed by Behzadi et al. in [11].
Ullah et al. [12] considered a magnetohydrodynamic mixed-convection flow of Casson fluid past a wedge by assuming that the wedge is moving inside a porous medium with the effects of convective boundary conditions and chemical reaction numerically. Yadav and Singh [13] considered a transient flow mechanism around a circular cylinder that was filled with porous material. They observed that the velocity gradient decreases slowly from the boundary to the central region of the cylinder for large values of the viscosity ratio. Ashraf and Fatima [14] discussed the effect of viscous dissipation on the transient flow to obtain numerical solutions around different stations of the sphere. Garg et al. [15] examined the convective boundary-condition outcomes on the unsteady MHD flow over a porous plate in the slip-flow regime. Ashraf et al. [16, 17] performed the natural convection mechanism on different shapes numerically. Rashad et al. [18] investigated the heat transfer problem by means of micropolar nanofluids past a cylinder in the presence of a saturated porous medium. They obtained oscillatory behavior of microrotation velocity for large values of the material parameter .
Rashad et al. [19] illustrated the heat transfer behavior of the mixed convection flow of a water-copper nanofluid around different positions of the trapezoidal enclosure that is consigned in a porous medium with variable properties. The variable density effect on an oscillatory fluid flow mechanism around a nonconducting shape has been investigated by Ashraf and Ullah in [20], and then they performed magnetothermo analysis in [21]. Recently, Ullah et al. [22] computed an oscillatory flow model across a nonconducting shape embedded in a thermally stratified medium. They depicted the considerable fluctuating response in heat transport for large value of Prandtl number.
Taking idea from the current literature review, it is illustrated that the oscillatory mixed-convection fluid flow around a nonconducting horizontal circular cylinder embedded in a porous medium has not yet been computed in the literature. By following the current literature [2, 18], we establish a mathematical model in terms of coupled nonlinear partial differential equation to highlight the physical behavior of the oscillatory mixed-convection flow across a circular cylinder embedded in a porous medium. Later, we will solve this model by using the very accurate numerical scheme finite difference method. We explore the effects of different parameters included in the flow model on skin friction , heat transfer , and current density .
2. Governing Equations and Problem Formulation
Considering a two-dimensional, unsteady, viscous, and incompressible boundary-layer fluid flow phenomenon across a nonconducting horizontal circular cylinder embedded in a porous medium, as shown in Figure 1, here, the coordinate system (x, y) represents the distance along the surface and normal to the surface, respectively. We assume the magnetic field coordinate system (, ) along the surface and normal to the surface, respectively, where is the temperature variable throughout the assumed domain. We establish the concept of oscillatory by assuming external fluid velocity as , far from the surface of the domain. Moreover, to justify our claim of given phenomena, we assume the effect of the magnetic field from outreach to the surface of the cylinder. By following the current literature [18], we extend this work to highlight the physical behavior of the oscillatory mixed-convection flow across a circular cylinder embedded in a porous medium. In keeping view of the constraint of the length of the article, we assume the set of the coupled nonlinear dimensionless system of partial differential equations as given as follows:
The dimensionalized selected boundary conditions are given as follows:
In equations (1)–(6), is the magnetic force parameter, the Richardson number is , the magnetic Prandtl number is , the Prandtl parameter is Pr, is the permeability parameter (the porous medium parameter), is the Darcy number, is Reynold’s number, is the dimensionless fluid temperature, and represents the porosity of the medium. We take the stream velocity equation as , in which is the oscillating condition of small magnitude and the parameter is the frequency parameter. The velocity, magnetic field, and temperature components are , and in the sum form of nonoscillating and oscillating parts given as follows:
We substitute (7) into equations (1)–(5) along with boundary conditions (6). Then, by following Ashraf and Ullah [20], we separate nonoscillating and oscillating components of the order analysis subject to and . Later, by following Ullah et al.’s work [21], we use primitive variable formulation to obtain nonoscillating and oscillating parts of the primitive coupled nonlinear PDEs.
3. Computational Technique
As discussed in the preceding paragraph, the obtained form of the primitive system of the nonoscillating and oscillating differential equation is solved numerically by adopting the finite difference method. First, we solve the nonoscillating part, and then, obtained results are used in the oscillating part to overcome the nonlinearity involved in the system of equations. From the difference form of each equation, we obtained the system of algebraic equations. This system of algebraic equation has coefficient tridiagonal matrix and unknown variables , and . In keeping view of the structure of the coefficient matrix, we use the Gaussian elimination technique to find the values of unknown variables. Once we secure values of these variables, we use these values to determine the oscillatory form of skin friction , heat transfer , and current density with the help of the following expression:where are real and imaginary parts of velocity, and are the real and imaginary parts of temperature, and and are the real and imaginary parts of the magnetic field, respectively. Moreover, , , and are amplitudes, while , , and are phase angles in the abovementioned mechanism.
4. Results and Discussion
The current work is addressed on an oscillatory mixed-convection fluid flow mechanism for the viscous and incompressible fluid across a nonconducting horizontal circular cylinder embedded in a porous medium. Here, we precisely thrashed out the substantial effect of emerging parameters graphically within the prescribed boundary conditions. We examine the effect of all parameters on skin friction , heat transfer , and current density across three different stations of the cylinder. Here, we accord the numerical solution for the effects of all parameters engaged in the flow model gradually.
Figures 2(a)–2(c) are presented to illustrate the oscillating behavior of , , and for three selected values of , and 1.0 at , and position for Pr = 7.0. In Figure 2(a), the small amplitude of skin friction with distinct variations at each station is obtained, respectively. Figure 2(b) depicts that an enhancement in oscillation of heat transfer with a similar trend is obtained for lower at each angle. The fluctuating behavior in current density is uniformly distributed with high amplitude at each station in the presence of for Pr = 7.0 in Figure 2(c). Increasing means the medium is more porous and the fluid permeability in the porous layer is increased and thus yields the resistance in the fluid flow. However, due to the strong Richardson number which acts like a pressure gradient and dominated over the resistance, skin friction is increased and slight changes in and are noted. Figure 3(a) shows the effects of the magnetic force parameter on all abovementioned physical quantities. In this plot, it is noted that an increment in causes reduction in skin friction. Figure 3(b) describes the higher oscillation in heat transfer with the same variation in as observed in Figure 3(a). With increasing values of that enhanced the Lorentz forces which opposes the flow and generates the current in fluid layers. Thus, Lorentz forces increase the friction between the layers of the fluid which yields an increment in and in Figure 3(c). In Figure 4(a), we claim that the increase in Richardson number has same oscillating effects on at each position. The maximum oscillations in and at the position with good variations are examined in Figures 4(b) and 4(c). The large value of Richardson number acts like a pressure gradient to increase the motion of the fluid that causes an increase in and . The impact of different values of Prandtl number Pr is highlighted for oscillating skin friction in Figure 5(a). The fluctuations in are deliberated in the prominent form, and good variations are obtained at and station. The minimum amplitude in heat transfer for lower Pr is noted, but good amplitude with certain height is plotted for large Pr at each station in Figure 5(b). The current density with prominent amplitude at each position is depicted in Figure 5(c). Also, it is highlighted that the fluctuation of increases as Pr is increased, but mild variation in current density is observed. The most favorable position is for all oscillating results in the abovesaid mechanism.
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5. Conclusions
The current work is based on an oscillatory mixed-convection heat transfer mechanism for the viscous and incompressible electrically conducting fluid across a nonconducting horizontal circular cylinder embedded in a porous medium. The dimensionless model is converted into the primitive form by applying primitive variable formulation. The final primitive formed equations are solved with the help of the implicit finite difference method. The oscillatory skin friction , heat transfer , and current density are displayed around different , and positions of the cylinder for various physical parameters graphically.(1)The small amplitude of oscillation in skin friction is noted at each station for each physical parameter, but prominent fluctuations are examined in heat transfer and current density(2)The oscillating behavior in current density is uniformly distributed at each station for each value of the porous medium parameter and Prandtl number(3)The prominent oscillating response in heat transfer and current density is noted with good variations for each value of the mixed convection parameter at each station(4)The large value of the parameter acts like a pressure gradient to increase the motion of the fluid which caused an increase in and and dominance over porosity(5)The maximum fluctuation in heat transfer is obtained for large values of Prandtl number Pr and at each position of the nonconducting cylinder(6)The most favorable position for prominent amplitude and maximum value of heat transfer and current density is radian
Nomenclature
| : | Ambient temperature (K) |
| : | Reynold’s number |
| : | Kinematic viscosity (m2 s−1) |
| : | Grashof number |
| : | Electrical conductivity (s m−1) |
| : | Specific heat (J kg−1 K−1) |
| : | Dynamic viscosity (kg m−1 s−1). |
| : | Fluid density (kg m−3) |
| : | Shearing stress (P a) |
| : | Gravitational acceleration (m s−2) |
| : | Magnetic force parameter |
| : | Volumetric thermal expansion (K−1) |
| : | Richardson number |
| : | Magnetic permeability (H m−1) |
| : | Dimensionlized temperature |
| : | Thermal diffusivity (m2 s−1) |
| : | Magnetic Prandtl number |
| T: | Temperature of the fluid (K) |
| Pr: | Prandtl number |
| : | Porous medium parameter. |
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Majmaah University for funding this work under the project number (RGP-2019-6).