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| S. no. | Dempster–Shafer theory | Evidence theory for fuzzy sets | Evidence theory for intuitionistic fuzzy sets | Evidence theory for picture fuzzy sets |
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| 1 | Based on probability distribution | Based on fuzzy probability distribution | Based on intuitionistic probability distribution | Based on picture fuzzy probability distribution |
| 2 | Deals with aleatory uncertainties | Deals with epistemic uncertainties | Deals with epistemic uncertainties along with hesitancy in experts’ opinion | Deals with epistemic uncertainties along with neutral in experts’ opinion |
| 3 | Can be provided as interval probability distribution [34] | Can be provided as interval probability distribution [35] | Can be provided as interval probability distribution [9] | Can be provided as interval probability distribution (present study) |
| 4 | — | Supports degree of membership for belief functions | Supports degrees of membership and nonmembership for belief functions | Supports degrees of positive, negative, and neutral for belief functions |
| 5 | — | — | Accommodates hesitancy degree | Accommodates refusal degree |
| 6 | — | Reduces to crisp case interval probability distribution when degree | Reduces to fuzzy interval probability distribution when degree of nonmembership | Reduces to fuzzy interval probability distribution when degree negative, neutral, and refusal memberships are zero; reduces to intuitionistic interval probability distribution when neutral membership is zero |
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