[Retracted] Research on the Spread Path and Evolution Causes of Oral Language in the Digital Era

Table 4

Single-objective multitask benchmarking problems.

Problem category	Function		Global optimal degree of overlap
CI + HS	T = Griewank	50	Coincide	1
	T = Rastrigin_	50
CI + MS	T = Ackley	50	Coincide	0.2261
	T = Rastrigin	50
CI + LS	T = Ackley	50	Coincide	0.0002
	T = Schwefei	50
PI + HS	T = Rastrigin	50	Part of the overlap	0.867
	T = Sphere	50
PI + MS	T = Ackley	50	Part of the overlap	0.2154
	T = Rosenbrock	50
PI + LS	T = Ackley	50	Part of the overlap	0.0725
	T = Weierstrass	25
NI + HS	T = Rosenbrock	50	No overlap at all	0.9434
	T = Rastrigin	50
NI + MS	T = Griewank	50	No overlap at all	0.3669
	T = Weierstrass	50
NI + LS	T = Rastrigin	50	No overlap at all	0.0016
	T = Schwefel	50