Research Article

An Ensemble Learning Method for the Kernel-Based Nonlinear Multivariate Grey Model and its Application in Forecasting Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Table 2

Comparison between the learning rates and the elapsed time for training the 27 models.

CountryThe learning rates
0.0010.00250.0050.00750.010.0250.050.0750.1

Austria6.962.961.450.960.640.220.130.110.09
Belgium11.234.392.131.441.000.400.180.140.12
Bulgaria10.333.961.961.240.980.320.160.130.12
Croatia7.002.411.240.730.580.190.140.110.09
Czechia10.984.001.800.950.670.240.120.090.08
Denmark8.762.311.180.870.390.200.160.130.11
Estonia14.455.542.751.811.300.490.200.170.15
Finland106.4743.2322.5614.6311.414.592.281.441.16
France13.635.542.791.851.330.510.210.160.13
Germany116.9844.5823.8517.2111.274.472.301.551.11
Greece8.512.880.840.460.410.190.140.120.11
Hungary8.053.411.631.090.820.270.150.130.11
Ireland9.103.541.751.120.860.300.160.120.11
Italy7.723.311.561.060.780.280.150.120.10
Lithuania2.761.270.630.450.280.130.090.060.06
Luxembourg7.512.921.370.960.680.230.140.120.09
Malta16.266.353.182.101.560.630.260.170.14
The Netherlands19.447.513.822.421.830.680.330.210.15
Norway135.7759.0930.4219.4413.935.452.441.040.91
Poland14.785.223.031.600.980.300.190.150.14
Portugal14.775.271.050.830.640.260.180.160.14
Romania7.172.280.630.450.400.150.140.120.11
Slovakia9.752.090.910.830.430.230.160.130.12
Slovenia13.744.952.150.740.580.280.180.140.13
Spain7.342.000.840.490.360.190.150.120.12
Sweden5.901.590.650.400.310.170.140.110.09
United Kingdom11.054.391.971.421.120.380.180.150.14