Research Article
An Ensemble Learning Method for the Kernel-Based Nonlinear Multivariate Grey Model and its Application in Forecasting Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Table 2
Comparison between the learning rates and the elapsed time for training the 27 models.
| Country | The learning rates | 0.001 | 0.0025 | 0.005 | 0.0075 | 0.01 | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.075 | 0.1 |
| Austria | 6.96 | 2.96 | 1.45 | 0.96 | 0.64 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.09 | Belgium | 11.23 | 4.39 | 2.13 | 1.44 | 1.00 | 0.40 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.12 | Bulgaria | 10.33 | 3.96 | 1.96 | 1.24 | 0.98 | 0.32 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.12 | Croatia | 7.00 | 2.41 | 1.24 | 0.73 | 0.58 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.09 | Czechia | 10.98 | 4.00 | 1.80 | 0.95 | 0.67 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.08 | Denmark | 8.76 | 2.31 | 1.18 | 0.87 | 0.39 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.11 | Estonia | 14.45 | 5.54 | 2.75 | 1.81 | 1.30 | 0.49 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.15 | Finland | 106.47 | 43.23 | 22.56 | 14.63 | 11.41 | 4.59 | 2.28 | 1.44 | 1.16 | France | 13.63 | 5.54 | 2.79 | 1.85 | 1.33 | 0.51 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.13 | Germany | 116.98 | 44.58 | 23.85 | 17.21 | 11.27 | 4.47 | 2.30 | 1.55 | 1.11 | Greece | 8.51 | 2.88 | 0.84 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.11 | Hungary | 8.05 | 3.41 | 1.63 | 1.09 | 0.82 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.11 | Ireland | 9.10 | 3.54 | 1.75 | 1.12 | 0.86 | 0.30 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.11 | Italy | 7.72 | 3.31 | 1.56 | 1.06 | 0.78 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.10 | Lithuania | 2.76 | 1.27 | 0.63 | 0.45 | 0.28 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.06 | Luxembourg | 7.51 | 2.92 | 1.37 | 0.96 | 0.68 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.09 | Malta | 16.26 | 6.35 | 3.18 | 2.10 | 1.56 | 0.63 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.14 | The Netherlands | 19.44 | 7.51 | 3.82 | 2.42 | 1.83 | 0.68 | 0.33 | 0.21 | 0.15 | Norway | 135.77 | 59.09 | 30.42 | 19.44 | 13.93 | 5.45 | 2.44 | 1.04 | 0.91 | Poland | 14.78 | 5.22 | 3.03 | 1.60 | 0.98 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.14 | Portugal | 14.77 | 5.27 | 1.05 | 0.83 | 0.64 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.14 | Romania | 7.17 | 2.28 | 0.63 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.11 | Slovakia | 9.75 | 2.09 | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.43 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.12 | Slovenia | 13.74 | 4.95 | 2.15 | 0.74 | 0.58 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.13 | Spain | 7.34 | 2.00 | 0.84 | 0.49 | 0.36 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.12 | Sweden | 5.90 | 1.59 | 0.65 | 0.40 | 0.31 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.09 | United Kingdom | 11.05 | 4.39 | 1.97 | 1.42 | 1.12 | 0.38 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.14 |
|
|