Numerical Investigation of Electrical Efficiency with the Application of Hybrid Nanofluids for Photovoltaic Thermal Systems Contained in a Cavity Channel

Table 3

Thermophysical properties of nanofluids [28].

	2	The volume fraction of alumina
	0.01	The volume fraction of copper
	3880 (kg/m^3)	Density of alumina
	8954 (kg/m^3)	Density of copper
		The total density of the nanoparticles
	765 (J/(kg·K))	Specific heat of alumina
	383.1 (J/(kg·K))	Specific heat of copper
		Specific heat of particles
		The total volume fraction of nanoparticles
	40 (W/(mK))	Thermal conductivity of alumina
	386 (W/(mK))	Thermal cond. of copper
		Total thermal conductivity of nanofluids
	998 (kg/m^3)	The density of the base fluid
		Density of nanofluid
	4182 (J/(kg·K))	Specific heat of the base fluid
		Specific heat capacity of nanofluid
	0.597 (W/(mK))	Thermal conductivity of the base fluid
		Thermal conductivity of the nanofluids
	0.000998 (Pas)	The viscosity of the base fluid
		Viscosity of nanofluid
Re	100	Reynolds number
		Inlet velocity
Tin	5°C–45°C	Inlet temperature
Q	1000 (W/m^2)	Heat flux
Tref	25°C	Reference temperature

nfd stands for nanofluid, and bfd stands for basefluid.