Research Article

Marine Protected Areas, Multiple-Agency Management, and Monumental Surprise in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

Box 3

Barriers to multiple-agency management.
(a) “… the lack of understanding and acknowledgement of other agency’s mandates and other agency’s processes.”
(b) “I think that [the] primary barrier is that approaches on land are very different than approaches in the water and that
people who have land holdings really look at the boundaries and the fences and say, “this is ours” and have a much
more…rigid approach and are less willing to let go of how things have been done previously under that kind of jurisdiction
than what happens in the ocean…”
(c) “…when people get wrapped up in their agency versus the place and look for reasons that their regulations or policies
can restrict their abilities to work versus looking at the ways to creatively find ways
to actually work together to do it. It’s very very frustrating.”
(d) “These….natural resources are also cultural resources from a Hawaiian epistemology and cosmological point of view.
Our history, our eldest ancestor out of darkness is the coral polyp. When
you manage from that, and you manage with the 7 generational view, it’s very different to somebody managing with
a 15-year management plan mind, even a single generation mindset, a budgetary 3-year cycle or
“how long am I gonna be stationed here’ view.”
(e) “I guess, and this sounds weird, but I’d have to say traditional thinking. You know, there’s ways that agencies think.
They develop a group think, and I’ve alluded to the fact that unless people are willing to kind of
ease up, break out of the old mold and be a bit flexible, this thing can all come off the rails in a hurry.”
(f) “The other is simply personalities. I mean to make this work, it’s tremendously dependent on a set of personalities
that can interact well together and trust each other. And we have had personality conflicts.”
(g) “…the individual personalities have played the largest role in the limited success and bigger failures of this whole process.”
(h) “They have very strong personalities and I think that that has actually been part of the issue of breakdowns
and communication. I think they are all very good at fighting for their piece but have missed the picture that they should be
fighting for the monument as a whole and not for their piece of the monument, and I think that has been a real breakdown.”
(i) “I don’t think there should be any barriers between interagency management. …people should be able to jointly manage
these areas because the resources don’t have lines down them and you know, it’s pretty seamless when you’re out there.
So, I just think whatever way your agency does stuff, whatever history you have, whatever beliefs you have, you’ve got a—you
have an obligation as a resource manager to sit down at the table with everybody else and just jointly manage it. … I
don’t understand why there were the problems. … The MMB heads are all high-level, highly skilled, highly trained people.
They should be able to sit down at a table and figure it out.”
(j) “I think one is just a lack of clarity from the get-go of the jurisdictions…of the different agencies involved in this.
The boundaries were unclear…as to who exactly was responsible for what.”
(k) “…that law says that all national wildlife refuges are closed to all users until specifically opened to a use. That’s different in
Alaska because they have a different law, but for your purposes here in Hawaii, all those refugees were closed until opened, and
we never opened the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge or the Midway Atoll National
Wildlife Refuge to commercial fishing.”