UV Photocatalysis of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages on TiO₂ Nanotubes Mediates Intracellular Ca²⁺ Influx via Voltage-Gated Ca²⁺ Channels

Figure 1

SEM micrographs of self-aligned TiO₂ nanotubes and simultaneous measurement of intracellular Ca²⁺ and ROS levels. (a) The self-assembly layers were generated by anodizing Ti sheets (scale bar, 70 nm). Machined and polished Ti sheets were presented as negative control (scale bar, 100 μm). (b) As control experiment, isolated BMMs were seeded on the cover glass and maintained for 24 h. H₂O₂ (1 mM) diluted in regular HEPES buffer was acutely treated and and levels in the same cell were simultaneously measured. and levels were normalized and presented as a ratio (; black line) and a relative value (; red line) compared to initial intensity.

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