Influence of In Situ Oxide Dissolution on the Bottom Morphologies of Detached TiO₂ Nanotube Films

Figure 8

The transitions of back-side morphology. (a) Partially open bottoms. Fully open bottoms with (b) small, (c) middle, and (d) large bottom openings corresponding to detachment anodization times of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 h, respectively.