The Synthesis and Application of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots on Brilliant Blue Detection

Jin, Li; Wang, Ying; Yan, Fengkai; Zhang, Jianpo; Zhong, Fangli

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1471728

Journal of Nanomaterials

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Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 1471728 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1471728

The Synthesis and Application of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots on Brilliant Blue Detection

Li Jin,¹Ying Wang,¹Fengkai Yan,²Jianpo Zhang,¹and Fangli Zhong¹

Academic Editor: Hassan Karimi-Maleh

Received13 Dec 2018

Revised27 Feb 2019

Accepted18 Mar 2019

Published07 May 2019

Abstract

Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots had been successfully synthesized and characterized by using transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, absorbance spectrum, fluorescence emission spectrum, and fluorescence decay curve. TEM results indicated that the diameters of the as-prepared nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots were in the range of 2 - 5 nm and the lattice space is about 0.276 nm; Raman spectrum result indicated that there were two characteristic peaks, generally named D (~1408 cm⁻¹) and G (~1640 cm⁻¹) bands; both TEM and Raman spectrum results indicated that the as-synthesized product was graphene quantum dots. Deconvoluted high resolution XPS spectra for C1s, O1s, and N1s results indicated that there are -NH-, -COOH, and -OH groups on the surface of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot. Fluorescence emission spectrum indicated that the maximum fluorescence emission spectrum of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots was blue shift about 30.1 nm and the average fluorescence decay time of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots increased about 2 ns, compared with graphene quantum dots without doping of nitrogen. Then, the as-prepared nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots were used to quantitatively analyze brilliant blue based on the fluorescent quenching of graphene quantum dots, and the effect of pH and reaction time on this fluorescent quenching system was also obtained. Under selected condition, the linear regression equations were (brilliant blue) + 0.9553 and (brilliant blue) + 0.6695, and low detection limit was 3.776 μmol/L (3.776 nmol/mL). Once more diluted N-GQDs (0.05 mg/mL) were used, the low detection limit could reach 94.87 nmol/L. Then, temperature-dependent experiment, absorbance spectra, and dynamic fluorescence quenching rate constant were used to study the quenching mechanism; all results indicated that this quenching process was a static quenching process based on the formation of complex between nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots and brilliant blue through hydrogen bond. Particularly, this method was used to quantitatively analyze the wine sample, of which results have a high consistence with the results of the spectrophotometric method; demonstrating this fluorescence quenching method could be used in practical sample application.

1. Introduction

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been extensively used in drug delivery, sensor, bioimaging, photocatalysis, delectrocatalysis, and optoelectronic devices [1] due to their superior properties. Particularly, GQDs used as a fluorescent sensor based on the quenching of its fluorescence emission are becoming a hot topic [2–9]. Different synthesis methods have been investigated to get graphene quantum dots such as a novel hydrothermal method [10], chemical oxidation and exfoliation method [11], and citric acid splitting method [12, 13]. However, most of these reported GQDs are not satisfactory owing to low fluorescence emission intensity and complicated preparation procedures.

Luminescent properties of GQDs are depending on many factors such as size, shape, surface oxidation degree, and surface functionalization. Nowadays, the synthesis of heteroatom- (boron [14], sulfur [15], fluorine [16], phosphorus [17], and nitrogen [18]) doped GQDs has attracted increasing attention. Experimental results demonstrate that nitrogen is a good candidate for chemical doping of GQDs, because nitrogen with five valence electrons could react with graphene atoms to form strong valence bonds. However, most of these methods are not satisfactory owing to expensive equipment required, severe preparation conditions, and complicated preparation procedures [19]. Compared to electrochemical method, hydrothermal method may be a good candidate owing to its easy operation and relative inexpensive equipment [20]. Guo et al. [21] reported a novel one-pot hydrothermal method to synthesize the GQDs with bifunctional groups (-OH and -NH₂) using a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon as the precursor, but heating temperature is a little high and the use of organic solvents is not green. Consequently, a more easy and fast synthesis method should be investigated.

Brilliant blue (BB), a kind of synthetic colorant, has been widely used in food additive [22]. But research results show that excessive additive of brilliant blue will affect the quality and safety of food products and the maximum quantity added in food is no more than 25 mg/kg in China. Hence, accurate and reliable determination methods for a quantitative analysis of brilliant blue have been explored. Among these methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [23, 24] has advantages of better resolution and fast, but needs complicated sample pretreatment process, but not suitable to analyze a large sum of samples. Spectrophotometry [25, 26] is simple and fit for analyzing batch samples, but needs preconcentration technique. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) [27] is also a sensor for brilliant blue analysis which has good chemical stability, wide pH range, high luminous efficiency, and excellent electrochemical performance, but the surface treatment of electrode is a little time-consuming and complicated. Other methods such as capillary electrophoresis [28] and voltammetry [29, 30] have also been developed to analyze brilliant blue; however, some disadvantages, such as relatively costly instruments, skilled operator, complicated sample pretreatment process, and time-consuming, seriously limit its scope of application and fields. Thus, researchers have to make great efforts in developing other sensitive brilliant blue analysis methods. Quantum dots with fluorescence properties may be a good candidate, of which decreasing of fluorescence intensity has a good linear relationship with the concentration of analyte. Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots would be a suitable candidate for a quantitative analysis of brilliant blue. Also, from what I could gather, the interaction between brilliant blue and nitrogen-doped graphene is relatively unexplored.

In this paper, a simple and fast method was investigated to synthesize N-GQDs based on directly heating citric acid and urea on an electric stove for 5 min, and then N-GQDs were used as a fluorescent probe for a quantitative analysis of brilliant blue based on the fluorescence quenching of N-GQDs. This quenching method with the advantage of simple, fast, and inexpensive should have significant implications to guarantee the safety of foods and the rights of consumers.

2. Material and Method

2.1. Material and Instrumentation

Brilliant blue was purchased from Shanghai Maikun Co., Ltd. Citric acid and urea were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China). Dialysis bags (molecular weight cut-off: 1000 Da) were bought from Sangon Biological Technology & Services Co., Ltd. (China). The reagents used in the experiment are all analytically pure. Doubly distilled water was used throughout this experiment.

F-280 spectrofluorophotometer, which adopts a pulsed xenon lamp as an excitation light source, was used to get fluorescence spectra. Shimadzu UV-2550 UV-visible spectrometer was used to study the ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The FT-IR spectrum was carried out by the KBr method on a NICOLET6700 spectrometer. The XPS spectra were recorded with a Thermo Scientific K-Alpha. The Raman spectrum was recorded with a Raman detection system, including a He-Ne laser (20 mW, 633 nm, Uniphase), a set of Raman filters (Semrock), and a spectrometer (IHR 320, JY, France).

2.2. Preparation of N-GQDs

The synthesis method of N-GQDs is close to the results reported in some literature [12, 13]. Briefly, 0.2 g citric acid and 0.2 g urea in a 50 mL beaker were heated directly on the electric stove for about 5 min; after the citric acid changes to an orange liquid, 5 mL of distilled water was added and sonicated for about 2 min, then adjusted to pH 7.0 by NaOH solution, and then dialyzed overnight. The as-prepared N-GQDs are concentrated by rotary evaporator and dried at 80°C. After weighing, N-GQD solution of 5 mg/mL was obtained and stored in a refrigerator at 4 centigrade.

2.3. The Quantitative Analysis of Brilliant Blue with N-GQDs

10 μL of brilliant blue sample solution was added into 0.1 mL of N-GQD solution and diluted to 2 mL with distilled water (, the concentration of N-GQDs is 0.5 mg/mL). After this reaction mixture was incubated for 5 min at room temperature, fluorescence emission spectrum solution was obtained, the exciting wavelength is 350 nm, and excitation and emission monochromator slit width of fluorescence spectrophotometer were both 5.0 nm.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characterization of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots

The as-synthesized N-GQD product was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, Raman spectrum, and XPS spectrum. Figure 1(a) shows that N-GQDs were highly crystalline with a mean particle diameter of 2 - 5 nm, and the lattice space (about 0.276 nm) is a little longer than that of GQDs due to doping of nitrogen [7]. The diameter distribution ( nm) was determined from particles, as shown in Figure 1(b). The Raman spectrum of graphene quantum dots (Figure S1) shows that there were two characteristic peaks, generally named D (~1408 cm⁻¹) and G (~1640 cm⁻¹) bands; both TEM and Raman spectrum results indicated that the as-synthesized product was graphene quantum dots. The AFM characterization is shown in Figure S2, which indicate that very little aggregation is present.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Elements in N-GQDs were analyzed by XPS spectrum. As shown in Figure 1(c), there are three characteristic peaks, which are corresponding to C1s, O1s, and N1s, and the C, O, and N atomic ratio is 3.6 : 2.2 : 1. Deconvoluted high resolution XPS spectra for C1s, O1s, and N1s were also studied. As shown in Figure 2(a), seven fitting peaks at 284.7, 285.4, 286.4, 287.0, 288.0, 288.6, and 289.1 eV are corresponded to the characteristic peaks of C=C (graphitic graphene), C-OH, C-N, C-O-C, C=O, O=C-O, and CO₃^2-. The peak at 286.4 eV, assigned to the C-N, indicates that N is covalently bonded to C. As shown in Figure 2(b), the peak at 400.1 is assigned to the -NH- and the peak at 401.6 eV is assigned to the graphitic N subpeak [31]. XPS results indicated that there are -NH-, -COOH, and -OH groups on the surface of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot.

(a)

(b)

The luminescence property of the as-prepared N-GQDs was also characterized by the absorbance and fluorescence spectra. Compared with that of GQDs (synthesized in the same condition as a controlled experiment), the maximum absorbance wavelength of N-GQDs has blue shifted about 29.1 nm (Figure 3(a)). And similar results could be obtained from the maximum fluorescence emission spectrum (Figure 3(b)); there is a blue shift (about 30.1 nm) compared with that of GQDs (there has hardly any fluorescence emission synthesized by urea in the same condition as a controlled experiment). These blue shifts may be due to the decreasing of diameter of the as-prepared N-GQDs.

(a)

(b)

Furthermore, the fluorescence decay curves of both GQDs and N-GQDs were shown in Figure 4. The emission kinetics of both GQDs and N-GQDs fitted multiexponentially with time constants, respectively. The average fluorescence decay time of GQDs ( ns) and N-GQDs ( ns) was calculated by the weighted average method [32]. Since multiexponential dynamics arise from surface traps, surface traps of N-GQDs decreases and the redox energy level shifts to lower energies, compared to that of QGDs, and the average fluorescence decay time of N-GQDs increases. This may be the reason why the fluorescence intensity of N-GQDs increased compared with GQDs. All these results indicated that nitrogen has been successfully doped in the GQDs and there are carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the surface of N-GQDs. Above all, N-GQDs were successfully synthesized.

3.2. The Interaction between Brilliant Blue and N-GQDs

Interestingly, when brilliant blue was adopted into N-GQD solution, the fluorescence emission intensity and peak position of N-GQDs changed significantly, which were illustrated in Figure 5 (the original fluorescent spectra are illustrated in supporting information Figure S3 in ESI†). The fluorescence emission intensity of N-GQDs will decrease 69.64%, when 0.155 g/L of brilliant blue was added. While the maximum fluorescence emission wavelength of N-GQDs redshift rapidly initially and then gets constant gradually after the concentration of brilliant blue is more than 120 mg/L, and the maximum redshift of the peak position is 13.9 nm. The mechanism is similar to that we have reported [33]. Brilliant blue is a kind of synthetic colorant with two -SO^3- group, while N-GQDs have carboxyl groups on its surface, so N-GQDs could react with brilliant blue through hydrogen bond.

In order to further elucidate the quenching mechanism of N-GQDs, absorbance spectra and temperature-dependent experiment were introduced. As shown in Figure 6, there is an evident blue shift in the UV-visible absorption spectra of N-GQDs, which indicates that a new complex between brilliant blue and N-GQDs was formed.

This may be because there are carboxyl groups on the surface of graphene quantum dots and -SO^3- groups on the surface of brilliant blue (as shown in Figure S4 in ESI†), and there has a strong electronegativity between the hydroxyl of the carboxyl group and the sulfonic group; a complex of graphene quantum dots with brilliant blue is formed through hydrogen bond.

Furthermore, the influencing of temperature on this quenching system was conducted, and the equation was applied to handle with the fluorescence data. Figure 7 shows that the slopes of these fitting lines decrease with increasing temperature. As we stated above, a complex of brilliant blue and N-GQDs was formed through hydrogen bond; the stability of the complex would decrease with increasing temperature, so the slope of fitting line decreased.

Then formula was used to calculate the dynamic fluorescence quenching rate constant (K_q), where τ₀ represents the average lifetime of fluorescence molecule without quencher. As mentioned above, τ₀ is 8.1 ns, so K_q ( mol·L^-1·s^-1) could be calculated based on the data of 20°C, which is far greater than the maximum dynamic quenching constant ( mol·L^-1·s^-1).

Above all, based on the results of UV-visible absorption spectra, the slope of fitting lines from Figure 7, and fluorescence quenching rate constant, we could conclude that this fluorescence quenching progress between N-GQDs and brilliant blue is a static quenching process.

3.3. The Quantitative Analysis of Brilliant Blue

To promote the practical application of this method, the effects of incubation time and pH on this fluorescence quenching progress were explored and optimized (Figure 8). Both pH and incubation time have little effect on the of this sensor system, but in order to get a consistent result, and 5 min incubation time were selected. Furthermore, fluorescence emission and excitation spectra were shown in Figure S5 in ESI†; fluorescence excitation wavelength of 350 nm and room temperature were selected for further application.

(a)

(b)

Under selected conditions mentioned above, different concentrations of brilliant blue (6.306-182.9 μmol/L) were added into N-GQD solution. As shown in Figure 9, the linear regression equations between the and the concentration of brilliant blue ( and were the fluorescence emission intensity of the N-GQDs with and without brilliant blue, respectively) is (brilliant blue) + 0.9553 and (brilliant blue) + 0.6695, with the correlation coefficient (0.9964 and 0.9961, respectively) (the original fluorescent spectra are illustrated in supporting information Figure S3 in ESI†). Low detection limit (LOD) of 3.776 μmol/L (3.776 nmol/mL) could be calculated by the equation [32] , where σ stands for the standard deviation of the y-intercepts of the regression lines and stands for the slope of the calibration graph.

Once more diluted N-GQDs (0.05 mg/mL) were used, the LOD for brilliant blue could reach 94.87 nmol/L (as shown in Figure S6 in ESI†). Although the line range of this method presented was narrow (0.63-5.05 μmol/L), the line range could be adjusted by using different concentrations of N-GQDs to meet the need of different detections in use. Relative standard deviation (equal to 2.9%) could be calculated through five replicate detection of 37.84 μmol/L brilliant blue, which indicated this method exhibits good reproducibility.

3.4. The Detection of Wine Sample

The influence of potential components of wine (ethanol, maltose, sucrose, glucose, citric acid, and sodium citrate) and metal ion on this quantitative analysis system was also studied. As shown in Figure 10, except Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Fe³⁺, other substances have little effect on the fluorescence emission intensity of N-GQDs. But the concentrations of these substances (Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Fe³⁺) in real sample were too low to cause disturbance. It demonstrates that this quantitative analysis system has a high selectivity for brilliant blue.

(a)

(b)

A standard addition method was applied to analyze the concentration of brilliant blue in the wine samples. First of all, 10 mL of wine samples was diluted to 100 mL with doubly distilled water (sample test, ). The wine analysis samples were obtained by adding a fixed amount of brilliant blue standard solution into the sample test, and the fluorescence emission intensity N-GQDs with the sample test solution was obtained by using the method mentioned above. Fluorescence emission intensity of N-GQDs decreased significantly after wine test solution was added into N-GQD solution. Base on the fluorescence emission intensity of N-GQDs and the linear regression equations, we found that brilliant blue contained in the wine samples was 0.01865 g/kg. In order to validate the presence method, the brilliant blue detections by the spectrophotometric method (standard working curves of the spectrophotometric method for a quantitative analysis of brilliant blue were shown in Figure S7) were also performed for these real samples. The concentration of brilliant blue in water and wine detected by both methods was listed in Table 1. The results from the two methods were in high consistence; demonstrating this fluorescence quenching method could be applied for a quantitative analysis of brilliant blue in real samples.

4. Conclusion

Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots have been successfully prepared and characterized, which was also used as a fluorescence quenching material for a quantitative analysis of brilliant blue in solution, of which line range could be adjusted by using different concentrations of N-GQDs to meet the need of different detections in use. The low detection limit could reach 94.87 nmol/L by using diluted N-GQDs (0.05 mg/mL). Results of absorbance spectra, temperature-dependent experiment, and calculation indicate that it is a static quenching progress. Furthermore, this method was used to analyze brilliant blue in wine samples. Compared with previous approaches for wine detection, this method was more suitable for the future application, as it is a simple, fast, cost-effective, and especially sensitive method for rapidly analyzing wine solution.

Data Availability

All data included in this study are available upon request by contact with the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21405058).

Supplementary Materials

Brilliant blue concentration-dependent fluorescence emission of N-GQDs, Raman spectrum of the as-synthesized N-GQDs, schematic illustration of interaction between N-GQDs and brilliant blue, excitation and emission spectrum of N-GQDs, the absorbance spectra of different concentrations of brilliant blue, brilliant blue concentration-dependent fluorescence emission of N-GQDs, and corresponding standard working curves of the spectrophotometric method for a quantitative analysis of brilliant blue were shown in Figures S1-S6. Figure S1: Raman spectrum of the as-synthesized N-GQDs. Figure S2: AFM image of GQDs (a) and their corresponding height profile (b). Figure S3: brilliant blue concentration-dependent fluorescence emission of N-GQDs (the concentration of N-CQDs was 0.5 mg/mL, and nm). Figure S4: schematic illustration of interaction between N-GQDs and brilliant blue. Figure S5: excitation and emission spectrum of N-GQDs. Figure S6: brilliant blue concentration-dependent fluorescence emission of N-GQDs (the concentration of N-GQDs was 0.05 mg/mL, and nm). Figure S7: the absorbance spectra of different concentrations of brilliant blue and corresponding standard working curves of the spectrophotometric method for a quantitative analysis of brilliant blue. (Supplementary Materials)

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