[Retracted] Environmental Emission Analysis of Biodiesel with Al₂O₃ Nanometal Additives as Fuel in a Diesel Engine

Table 2

Engine and dynamometer characteristics.

Engine type	Make Kirloskar 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, water-cooled, diesel (computerized), modified-to-VCR engine
Model	TV1
Bore diameter	87.50 mm
Stroke	110.00 mm
Combustion principle	Compression ignition
Engine capacity	661 cc
Peak pressure	77.5 kg/cm^2
Power	3.5 kW at 1500 rpm
Dynamometer	Eddy current dynamometer cooled by water includes a loading unit
Airbox	Fabricated by MS including an orifice meter and U-tube manometer
Fuel tank	Maximum capacity of 15 liters including metering column
Piezoelectric sensor	Range 345 bar, including no noise cable
Encoder	1-degree resolution, 5500 rpm speed including TDC pulse
Data acquisition system	NI USB-6210, 250 kb/s, 16 bit
Digital voltmeter	0-200 mV range mounted on panel
Temperature detector	RTD-type, K-type thermocouple, and PT100
Load indicator	0-50 kg range, digital type
Load sensor	Strain gauge with 0-50 kg range
Direction of rotation	Clockwise (looking from flywheel end side)
Idle speed range	750 rpm to 2000 rpm
Min. running speed	1200 rpm
Fuel timing for the engine	23° BTDC
Valve clearance	At inlet: 0.18 mm
Valve clearance	At exhaust: 0.20 mm
Bumping clearance	0.046 inches to 0.052 inches
BMEP at 1500 rpm	6.35 kg/cm^2
Lubricating oil pump	Gear type
Lub. oil pump	6.50 l/min
Sump capacity	2.70 liters
Lub. oil consumption	1.5% normally exceed fuel
Connecting rod length	234 mm
Overall dimensions
Weight	160 kg
Software	“EnginesoftLV” engine performance analysis