Nanomaterial-Based Prosthetic Limbs for Disability Mobility Assistance: A Review of Recent Advances

Table 1

The generation and use of neural material.

Material name	Generation method	Function	Advantage	Reference
Graphene	3D structure making; (1) Template orientation; (2) Self-assembly; (3) Electrospinning and 3D printing	The piezoresistive sensor made of 3D graphene shows good potential in electronic skin and other aspects	(1) Simple Preparation; (2) Simple readout mechanism; (3) Low power consumption; (4) Convenient signal acquisition	[14]
Carbon-based materials, inorganic nanomaterials	NM	Detectable index; (1) Body movements; (2) Body temperature; (3) Respiratory rate; (4) Heart rate and blood pressure; (5) Electrophysiological signals	(1) Stretchability; (2) Ultrathin and conformal; (3) Biocompatibility; (4) Biodegradability	[12]
Carbon nanoparticle material	Integrate nano-additive from 0 to 3.5%	Experimental, artificial neural network techniques were used to calculate the strain-time relationships of prosthetic and orthotic composites of carbon nanoparticle materials	For the nanoparticle-reinforced composite, the mechanical properties and creep properties can be up to 5 times	[9]
Carbon nanotube polyester wire	A bionic electronic nerve sensor with high tensile and deformation insensitivity is made of a composite material of polyester wires coated with carbon nanotubes	Bionic electronic exogenous nerve sensor has great potential in some fields, such as human-computer interaction	(1) High stretchability; (2) Deformation insensitive; (3) Excellent stability; (4) Rapid response; (5) High robustness; (6) Geometric layered sensing; (7) Cutability	[13]
Metal polymer carbon material (metal-polymer mixture)	Implantable device	(1) Prosthetic limbs for pain relief; (2) Sports prosthesis; (3) Cognitive nerve prosthesis	By reducing the difference between the soft tissue and the electrode, the polymer portion can adjust the metal modulus	[8]
NiCo (nickel-cobalt) nanoparticles	Obtaining nickel-cobalt nanoparticles by chemical reduction on multiwalled carbon nanotubes	(1) Make sensor; (2) Realize automatic detection; (3) Automatic control	(1) High stability; (2) High sensitivity; (3) Reproducibility; (4) Low detection limit	[15]
Proanthocyanidins/reduced graphene oxide (PC/rGO), glycerol-plasticized polyvinyl alcohol-borax (PVA-borax) hydrogel	The proanthocyanidin/reduced graphene oxide (PC/rGO) composite was introduced into glycerol-plasticized polyvinyl alcohol-borax (PVA-borax) hydrogel, and the bionic tactile PC/rGO/PVA hydrogel was obtained	(1) It can imitate and detect skin epidermal movements, such as facial expression changes and finger bending; (2) Simulate the tactile ability of natural skin through hydrogel	(1) Stretchability; (2) Immediate and complete self-healing; (3) High strain sensitivity	[17]
Hydrogel	NM	(1) The human body movement monitoring; (2) Artificial tissues or artificial limbs	(1) Biocompatibility and degradability, antibacterial; (2) Heat protection and antifreeze; (3) Stretchability and compressibility; (4) Dynamic durability	[16]
Ion gel gated organic synaptic transistor (IGOST)	Crossbar array simulation; Sensor integration	Artificial auditory nerve with short-term attenuation and artificial neural network with long-term memory	Synaptic attenuation of IGOST is relatively easy to regulate	[18]