|
| Material name | Generation method | Function | Advantage | Reference |
|
| Cross-linked gold nanoparticles | Using inkjet printing and scalable microforming technology | Prosthetic artificial skin | (1) Physical flexibility
(2) Sensitivity | [20] |
| Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) zinc (ZnO) nanorods | The top and bottom electrode layers are interlocked by zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods grown vertically on top of the PDMS to improve the sensitivity of the contact force and ambient temperature measurements | (1) A tactile sensor array was successfully fabricated and will be applied to (e-skin)
(2) Tactile sensors can be used for flexible interfaces, wearable devices, and bionic robot skin | (1) High sensitivity
(2) Flexibility
(3) Measurable temperature | [21] |
Silver nanowire @ polyurethane scaffold
Carbon fiber active composite material | A tactile sensor was made by combining silver nanowires @ polyurethane scaffolds with layered carbon fabrics | The actual fingertip events can be transformed into visual or auditory interactive feedback in virtual reality | (1) Mechanical feeling range can be enhanced > 100%
(2) High sensitivity
(3) Fast response time
4 Repeatability | [23] |
Carbon nanotubes (CNT)
Film and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) | Use an electrostatic spinning process | The multimodal sensing capability is developed in the electronic skin for soft robots, intelligent artificial | (1) CNT strong, flexible, stretchable
(2) PAN material can withstand thousands of cycles with little effect on the output signal | [25] |
| Carbon materials (carbon black (CB), carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon fibers, graphene sheets, and graphene oxide) | Made from conductive nanofillers in an insulating or conductive polymer matrix | (1) Human motion detection
(2) Soft robot
(3) Smart textiles | (1) This is the most widely studied nanocomposite material
(2) Low cost and available volume | [5] |
| Thermoelectric clays made of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nonionic surfactants | Reconfigurable thermoelectric clay made of carbon nanotubes and viscous additives create a skin-compatible thermoelectric patch for e-skin | (1) To prevent hammering or even piercing
(2) Used for skin adaptive semipermanent power supply with mechanical durability | (1) Skin suitability and mechanical durability
(2) Very soft, stretchable, and repairable | [26] |
| Vertical graphene array (VGA) | A vertical graphene array (VGA) was fabricated directly on the surface of the natural latex film | E-skin can be used in soft robot, artificial limbs, wearable equipment, etc. | The electronic skin has multifunctional tactile perception of object pressure and surface morphology and also has noncontact sensing characteristics for temperature difference between the detected object and the electronic skin, including ultrafast response, elasticity, high sensitivity, and strong cyclicity | [27] |
| Laser-induced graphene (LIG) on polyimide film | The honeycomb electronic skin with laser-induced graphene (LIG) was prepared by one-step carbonization of polyimide film | (1) Promote carbon-based electronic skin with a large area array pattern
(2) The e-skin has great potential for artificial intelligence, the universal touch of robots, and prosthetic limbs | (2) Strain sensitivity
(2) It has excellent mechanical properties and high dyeing sensitivity
(3) This kind of e-skin shows the perception ability and subtle touch to a wide range of human activities | Wei, Liu [28] |
| HCl-doped poly (o-methylaniline) (POMANI)-Mn 3O4 thin film nanocomposites | (1) Split using OP-AMP method
(2) Shunting by logarithmic amplifier method | (1) Sensing prosthesis temperature
(2) For prosthetic applications
(3) Manufacture of conformal temperature sensors for prosthetic gloves/hands | (1) This nanocomposite sensor has consistency and flexibility
(2) Various linearization methods have been analyzed to find the best output | [31] |
| Carrageenan and locust bean gum (hydrogel) | Photo-crosslinking of acrylamide provides an elastomeric matrix that is functionally modified with carrageenan and locust bean gum by physical crosslinking with K2CO3 | The hydrogel-based soft controller is used for potential bionic skin of artificial limb human-computer interaction control | (1) The hydrogel has high elasticity
(2) Recovers immediately after stretching to 500% or compressing to 10% of its original length
(3) It can still maintain its flexibility and conductivity at low temperature | [30] |
| Ionic gel, ionic liquids, hydrogel, and elastomers ITS | NM | Mimics human skin, such as anisotropic structures, mechanical behavior, and tactile function, and even includes mechanically sensitive ion channels critical for human tactile sensation | It has advantages in sensitivity, response speed, and multimode sensing, especially the development of electrochromism | [29] |
| Silane and keratin derivatives | A percutaneous bone-integrated prosthesis (POP) consists of a metal post attached to bone that extends outwardly through the skin to connect to an external prosthesis | A coating that mimics the composition of human nails | The purified human keratin biomaterial coating is resistant to degradation | [33] |
| Folded nanocone cluster | Novel microstructures introduce folded nanoclusters, semi-ellipsoids, and folds in different sensors | (1) Wearable equipment
(2) Robots
(3) In bionic artificial limb | (1) It can provide more complete and accurate interactive information such as gesture recognition and fine tactile discrimination
(2) Real-time recording and mapping of multiple mechanical stimuli can be achieved due to independence, high sensitivity, and rapid response | [32] |
|
