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| Material name | Generation method | Function | Advantage | Reference |
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| Polyester resin (jute, glass, carbon, pearl cotton) fiber | The laminated composite is reinforced with polyester resin as the bonding matrix and with (jute, glass, carbon, pearl cotton) fibers by vacuum bagging technology. The laminate samples were characterized by mechanical tensile tests, such as tensile strength, Young’ s modulus, and elongation, and physical tests (density) to measure specific strength and specific modulus | The smoothness of the cross section increases, indicating that the brittle to semiductile transition occurs | Tensile strength reached 162 Mpa and modulus of elasticity reached 3.60 GPa. Specific strength and specific modulus up to 134 MPa. cm3/gm–2.544 GPa. cm3/gm | [37] |
| Composite material made of agave | Cantala fibers (CF) were treated with 6% NaOH and incubated for 0 h (UF), 3 h (AK3), 6 h (AK6), 9 h (AK9), and 12 h (AK12), respectively | Used as prosthetic engineering components to make prosthetic sockets | (1) The best tensile strength was obtained when Kantala fiber was treated with 1 6% NaOH solution
(2) Biodegradable, with sufficient strength and power
(3) Good mechanical resistance | [35] |
| Synthetic fibers (carbon, kevlar, and glass) | Made with a constant 5 wt% glass fiber-reinforced epoxy, vinyl ester, and polyester matrix with different jute and jute loading | Widely used as a reinforcing material in the manufacture of artificial limbs | (1) Strength and hardness increase with the increase in the proportion of natural fibers
(2) Higher stretching and bending are obtained | [34] |
| (Carbon, jute, glass, and perlon) fiber-reinforced polyester resin | Different laminated composites, such as fiber-reinforced polymers, are used to make the prosthetic socket | It can be used in prosthetic sockets: devices that connect prosthetic limbs to amputated parts | (1) Bending strength, bending modulus, maximum shear stress, impact strength, fracture toughness
(2) Manufacturing prosthetic socket makes wear more comfortable, light weight, high strength, and durable | [36] |
| MWCNT–(polydimethylsiloxane) PDMS | NM | (1) Development of printable nanocomposite tensile sensor system
(2) Low-cost digital method for casting custom prosthetic liners
(3) For growth/volume tracking
(4) With embedded active cooling system | (1) Cheaper
(2) Easier replacement and maintenance | [38] |
| EBM Ti-6Al-4V implant | The bioactivity and osteogenesis of the 3D-printed Ti-6Al-4V implant were enhanced by constructing layered micro-/nanotopography on the surface | Accelerating 3D printing in the future | NM | [41] |
| Ti-Ta composites | The Ti-Ta composites with layered structure were prepared by continuous discharge plasma sintering, machining, and annealing. The samples were sintered at 1200°C and then hot rolled at 60% high pressure to exhibit a multiscale-layered microstructure | Ti-Ta composites can be used in orthopedic applications | The Ti-Ta composite material with bionic structure has high strength, good ductility, low modulus, and good biocompatibility | [40] |
| Al2O3-CaO | It is composed of two materials (Al2O3-CaO) and prepared by sol-gel method | These composite materials are used in biological applications such as the manufacture of artificial limbs | (1) Compared with the polymer blend material without adding the nano powder, the mechanical property of the obtained composite material is remarkably improved
(2) When different sizes of particles are added, respectively, the tensile property, flexural property and hardness are improved | [42] |
| High-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyamide (PA) 6 or nylon 6, polyamide (PA) 66 | NM | This is the best choice for standing, walking, and running under standard loads | Various loads applied by the patient are supported | [39] |
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