Optimization of Dual Coating Using Electroless Ni-P-Nano-TiO₂ and Plasma Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia on Piston Crown and Cylinder Liner in CI Engine

Table 1

Fuel properties.

Fuel property	Instrument	Diesel	Biodiesel
Density at 15°C (kg/m3)	Hydrometer	836	910
Viscosity at 40°C (mm2/s)	Rotational viscometer	2.9	5.04
Calorific value (MJ/kg)	Bomb calorimeter	42.3	72.15
Flashpoint (°C)	Flashpoint apparatus	54	224
Fire point (°C)	Pour point apparatus	62	229