Additive Manufacturing for Aerospace from Inception to Certification

Table 2

Major variants of MAM for aerospace.

S. no	Technique	Parameters	Scale factor	Reference
1	L-PBF	Part complexity	10	[60]
		Accuracy	10	[61]
		Surface finish	9	[62, 63]
		Overall cost savings	2.5	[64, 65]
		Material utilization	3	[64, 65]
		Efficiency	5	[66]
		Postprocessing requirements	3	[67, 68]
		Mechanical properties	5	[69, 70]
		Platform flexibility	2	[71, 72]
		Maximum volume available	5	[73, 74]
		Building rates	2	[60]
		Defects	9	[75]
		Contamination risk	8	[76]
		Safety—prone to fire	9	[77]
		Energy consumption	5	[78]
		Dimensional accuracy	10	[63]
		Build speed for Ti6Al4V	10	[78]
		Maximum build volume	6	[78]
		Minimum layer thickness	10	[63, 79]
		Good surface roughness	10	[62]
		Overall cost	8	[80]
		Machinery cost	7	[81]
		Raw material cost	9	[82]
		Operational cost	8	[83]
		Maintenance cost	8	[84]
		Markforged; metal X (gen 2)	—	[85]
		Renishaw; RenAM 500 M–	—	[86]
		E.O.S; EOS M400	—	[87]
		AddUp; FormUp 350	—	[88]
		MetalFAB1	—	[89]
		XACT metal; XM300C; (	—	[90]
2	EBPBF	Part complexity	9	[60]
		Accuracy	9	[61]
		Surface finish	8	[62]
		Overall cost savings	2	[64, 65]
		Material utilization	3	[64, 65]
		Efficiency	5	[66]
		Post processing requirements	3	[67, 68]
		Mechanical properties	6	[69, 70]
		Platform flexibility	2	[71, 72]
		Maximum volume available	4	[73, 74]
		Building rates	5	[60]
		Defects	9	[75]
		Contamination risk	8	[76]
		Safety—prone to fire	9	[77]
		Energy consumption	8	[91]
		Dimensional accuracy	9	[92]
		Build speed for Ti6Al4V	9	[93]
		Maximum build volume	3	[78]
		Minimum layer thickness	9	[94]
		Good surface roughness	8	[62]
		Overall cost	10	[80]
		Machinery cost	9	[81]
		Raw material cost	7	[82]
		Operational cost	6	[95]
		Maintenance cost	8	[96]
		Arcam EBM spectra H; 1,328 x 2,344 x 2,858 mm	—	[97]
		Arcam EBM spectra L	—	[98]
		Freemelt ONE	—	[99]
		Tada electric EZ300	—	[100]
		Y150 China	—	[101]
3	LMD	Part complexity	8	[60]
		Accuracy	6	[61]
		Surface finish	7	[63, 93]
		Overall cost savings	4	[64, 65]
		Material utilization	6	[64, 65]
		Efficiency	5	[66]
		Post processing requirements	3	[67, 68]
		Mechanical properties	7	[69, 70]
		Platform flexibility	5	[73, 74]
		Maximum volume available	8	[73, 74]
		Building rates	5	[60]
		Defects	9	[75]
		Contamination risk	8	[76]
		Safety—prone to fire	9	[77]
		Energy consumption	7	[102]
		Dimensional accuracy	7	[66]
		Build speed for Ti6Al4V	10	[93]
		Maximum build volume	8	[103]
		Minimum layer thickness	6	[93]
		Good surface roughness	7	[63, 93]
		Overall cost	6	[80]
		Machinery cost	5	[104]
		Raw material cost	6	[104]
		Operational cost	2	[104]
		Maintenance cost	4	[105]
		OPTOMEC; LENS CS 800 AM CA	—	[106]
		InssTek MX-standard	—	[107]
4	WAAM	Part complexity	5	[60]
		Accuracy	2	[108, 109]
		Surface finish	3	[110]
		Overall cost savings	8	[64, 65]
		Material utilization	9	[64, 65]
		Efficiency	9	[111]
		Post processing requirements	6	[67, 68]
		Mechanical properties	9	[69, 70]
		Platform flexibility	8	[73, 74]
		Maximum volume available	9	[73, 74]
		Building rates	10	[112]
		Defects	0	[75]
		Contamination risk	0	[66]
		Safety on fire	9	[109]
		Energy consumption	9	[113]
		Dimensional accuracy	5	[66]
		Build speed for Ti6Al4V	5	[114]
		Maximum build volume	10	[114]
		Minimum layer thickness	3	[115]
		Good surface roughness	3	[116]
		Overall cost	2	[80]
		Machinery cost	2	[117]
		Raw material cost	0	[118]
		Operational cost	0	[83]
		Maintenance cost	2	[117]
		AML3D ARCEMY	—	[119]
		METAL XL	—	[120]
		GEFERTEC–3DMP	—	[121]