Mechanical Behavior of Helical Spring Made of Composite with and without Material Property Grading under Stable Load

Table 3

General features of computational models.

Feature	Computational model
	1	2	3
Material	Carbon steel	FGM (carbon steel )	Composite material ()
Shape of spring	Helical coil, both end grounded	Helical coil, both end grounded	Helical coil, both flat end unground
Cross-sectional shape	Circular	Circular	Circular
Free length (mm)	90	90	90
Cross-sectional diameter (mm)	10	10	10
Mean coil diameter (mm)	40	40	40
Number of active coils	3.6	3.6	3.6
Type of load applied	Compression	Compression	Compression
Type of finite element	2^nd order solid element	2^nd order solid element	2^nd order solid element
Size of element (mm)	0.8	0.8	0.8

According to [10].