Optical Detection of the Viruses by Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Table 1

The diagnostic approach of different viruses using gold nanoparticles.

Viruses	Detection method	LOD	Diagnostic approach	References
1. Influenza (H1N1) virus	DLS-based technique	8.6 TCID/mL	AuNPs were functionalized by mAb clone IC5-4F8 (antibody of H1N1) with a DTSSP crosslinker and bound with the H1N1 virus, which was detected by DLS equipped with He–Ne laser and a photodiode detector	[59]
2. MERS COV	Colorimetric detection of target DNA	6 × 10^11 copies/µL	Target DNA was attached with thiol-modified ds-DNA-AuNP and formed a complex which was detected by observing the UV absorption	[60]
3. HIV	DLS-based method to detect the target gene complex with AuNP	16 pM	AuNPs were linked with an antibody of HIV with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from AuNP–CMC–PolyArg–AbHIV complex, which was detected by the DLS method.	[61]
4. SARS-CoV-2	Colorimetric detection of target gene	1 ng/mL	Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) functionalized AuNPs were bonded with SARS-CoV-2 RNA and formed a complex. The addition of RNase cleaves the phosphodiester bond of RNA and aggregation of AuNPs ASO complex, which was detected by observing the color of the solution	[62]
5. SARS-CoV-2	Colorimetric detection of viruses	1 pg/mL	Antibody of SARS-CoV-2 virus functionalized GNP binds with the antigen of COVID-19 and forms complex	[63]
6. Hepatitis C virus	Colorimetric detection of Viral RNA	50 copies/reaction	Extracted RNA, hybridized buffer containing PBS, and primer targeting 5^′UTR of HCV were mixed. Viral RNA was confirmed by observing the change in color of the solution	[9]
7. Hepatitis B virus	Fluorescence-based detection of viral gene	4.6 × 10^−9 ng/mL	GNP-TH-Ab was used as the fluorescence signal generator. GNP-TH-Ab and MNP-Ab mixed in phosphate buffers along with HBsAg formed a sandwich complex. The fluorescence of the solution was measured	[64]
8. Dengue-1	Colorimetric lateral flow technique to detect viral RNA	0.01 µM	Dextrin-capped AuNPs were functionalized by thiolated rDNA loaded to the conjugated pad, and viral antigen was placed and lateral flow was observed. The presence of an antigen formed a dark band on the test line	[65]
9. Human papillomavirus	Fluorescence-based nanochip of AuNP and quantum dot for virus detection	10 copies/µL	AuNPs of diameter (16 nm) were functionalized with HRP and thiolate oligonucleotide; these microbeads form a sandwich with a target gene. Streptavidin labeled quantum dots allowed to bind with Au complex to form a chip. The target gene was detected by analyzing fluorescence	[66]
10. Norovirus	LSPR-based technique for the detection of norovirus capsid protein	10 copies/mL	Immobilized AuNPs were functionalized by peptide (specific for norovirus) and mixed with different concentrations of norovirus. The absorbance of LSPR was observed. It was found that the absorbance increases with the increase of viral capsid protein concentration	[67]
11. Ebola virus	Fluorescence-based technique	3–50 pM	Thiol-modified oligonucleotides were used to functionalize the AuNPs and combined with UCNPs and nanoporous alumina (NAAO) membrane to form a probe which mixed with viral RNA and fluorescence intensity was measured	[68]
12. Variola virus	Raman spectroscopic technique	20 fM	AuNPs (13 nm) were functionalized with Raman dye-labeled oligonucleotide from nanoprobe, Ag particles were used for enhancing the SERS signals and analyzed	[69]
13. H5N1 influenza	SPR-based technique	50 TCID/mL	Gold chip was functionalized by primary oligonucleotide then binds with target H5N1 which mixes with AuNPs conjugated with secondary (reporter) oligonucleotide form sandwich-type SPR-based assay. The target virus was detected by analyzing the SPR signal	[70]
14. Zika virus	LSPR-mediated fluorescence-based detection of viral RNA	1.7 copies/mL	Citrate-capped AuNPs and AgNPs nanoparticles were synthesized and conjugated with CdSeSQdots formed alloyed AuAgNP-Qdot646 nanohybrids mixed with molecular beacon (MB) formed NP-Qdot-MB probe this probe mixed with EDTA buffer and viral RNA. The fluorescence intensity of the solution was analyzed to detect viral RNA	[71]
15. H3N2 influenza	Colorimetric detection of Influenza using Au-CNT nanohybrid	10 PFU/mL	Au-CNT was prepared and functionalized by anti-H3N2-HA MAb antibody and mixed with TMB H2O2. Finally, the AuNP biosensor was mixed with different concentrations of the influenza virus. Viruses were detected by the change in color of the solution	[30]
16. Avian influenza H7N9	Colorimetric detection of virus cells	1.25 pg/mL	Ab2-ALP-MB modified AuNPs were mixed with different concentrations of virus solution, and the color of the solution of AuNPs changed from wine red to blue. The color of the negative sample remained red	[72]