Risk Factors Associated with Under-Five Stunting, Wasting, and Underweight Based on Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey Datasets in Tigray Region, Ethiopia
Table 3
Factors associated with stunting, wasting, and underweight among under-five children in Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia (n = 1077).
Variables
Stunting
Wasting
Underweight
AOR
95% CI
AOR
95% CI
AOR
95% CI
Sources of drinking water (unprotected)
Piped
0.94
0.57, 1.53
0.22
0.77, 3.25
1.01
0.57, 1.77
Protected well
0.68
0.50, 0.92
0.44
0.75, 1.96
0.91
0.64, 1.28
Availability of toilet facility (with facilities)
No facility/bush/field
0.96
0.71, 1.314
1.36
0.83, 2.22
0.86
0.60, 1.21
Number of under-five children (3+)
1
0.55
0.23, 0.92
0.73
0.33, 1.58
0.61
0.34, 1.07
2
0.47
0.30, 0.74
0.82
0.43, 1.58
0.56
0.35, 0.91
Maternal age at birth (20 or higher)
Less than 20
0.99
0.71, 1.41
0.88
0.51, 1.52
0.66
0.45, 0.97
Anemia (yes)
No
0.75
0.51, 1.10
1.42
0.75, 2.68
0.81
0.53, 1.23
Mother occupation (other sectors)
Not working
1.07
0.70, 1.64
1.34
0.73, 2.49
0.79
0.48, 1.27
Agricultural sector
1.18
0.82, 1.68
0.80
0.46, 1.38
0.80
0.53, 1.19
Birth type (multiple)
Single
0.68
0.29, 1.63
0.82
0.26, 2.58
0.55
0.23, 1.33
Birth weight (<2.5 kg)
>4 kg
0.36
0.24, 0.54
0.65
0.35, 1.18
0.30
0.19, 0.49
2.5–4 kg
0.60
0.44, 0.81
0.62
0.39, 0.99
0.48
0.34, 0.66
Had diarrhea recently (yes)
No
0.71
0.47, 1.06
0.41
0.25, 0.68
0.34
0.23, 0.52
Received measles (yes)
No
0.53
0.36, 0.79
0.86
0.47, 1.55
0.78
0.50, 1.21
Vitamin A in last 6 months (yes)
No
0.92
0.64, 1.33
0.77
0.44, 1.34
0.91
0.61, 1.37
Received tetanus (yes)
No
0.71
0.50, 0.99
1.03
0.62, 1.70
0.81
0.55, 1.19
Antenatal follow-up (4+)
No
1.56
0.98, 2.47
2.20
1.04, 4.64
1.49
0.88, 2.53
1–3
1.34
0.87, 2.06
1.89
0.93, 3.87
1.38
0.83, 2.29
Postnatal care (yes)
No
0.95
0.46, 1.94
1.49
0.48, 4.63
2.01
0.79, 5.13
Current age of mother (35+)
15–19
0.56
0.21, 1.50
1.20
0.29, 5.03
1.51
0.51, 4.47
20–24
0.82
0.43, 1.54
0.90
0.34, 2.35
1.29
0.62, 2.65
25–29
0.94
0.56, 1.57
1.10
0.51, 2.39
1.36
0.76, 2.44
30–34
1.03
0.68, 1.55
0.97
0.51, 1.88
1.42
0.90, 2.26
Husband/partners education (higher education)
No education
1.39
0.50, 3.88
1.44
0.21, 9.95
1.13
0.32, 4.03
Primary education
1.41
0.51, 3.89
1.90
0.28, 12.99
1.05
0.30, 3.72
Secondary education
0.63
0.19, 2.13
1.84
0.26, 13.20
0.93
0.23, 3.80
Child birth order (5thor more)
First birth
1.18
0.59, 2.36
0.93
0.30, 2.88
0.90
0.41, 1.95
2, 3, or 4
1.29
0.83, 2.01
1.56
0.80, 3.07
0.93
0.57, 1.52
Place of residence (urban)
Rural
1.19
0.54, 2.62
2.32
0.69, 7.81
2.28
0.85, 6.10
Currently breastfeeding (yes)
No
0.95
0.66, 1.37
1.35
0.76, 2.42
0.91
0.60, 1.37
Mode of delivery (normal)
Cesarean section
0.68
0.25, 1.85
0.99
0.17, 5.76
1.30
0.34, 4.93
Sex of child (female)
Male
1.09
0.68, 1.75
1.86
0.82, 4.22
2.04
1.13, 3.68
Household wealth index (richest)
Poorest
2.73
1.26, 5.93
2.03
0.58, 7.08
3.21
1.20, 8.56
Poorer
2.91
1.35, 6.25
2.46
0.71, 8.51
2.96
1.12, 7.84
Middle
1.95
0.89, 4.25
3.04
0.88, 10.54
2.47
0.92, 6.64
Richer
2.28
1.09, 4.77
2.61
0.82, 8.33
2.30
0.90, 5.88
Mother education (higher education)
No education
1.79
0.28, 11.44
0.26
0.03, 2.10
0.79
0.12, 5.10
Primary education
2.02
0.32, 12.74
0.20
0.03, 1.61
0.87
0.14, 5.55
Secondary education
2.68
0.42, 17.05
0.18
0.02, 1.77
0.54
0.07, 3.94
Child age (48–59 months)
0–11 months
0.64
0.35, 1.19
3.11
1.26, 7.67
0.79
0.40, 1.56
12–23 months
1.67
1.01, 2.77
2.53
1.16, 5.55
0.99
0.55, 1.76
24–35 months
2.00
1.29, 3.10
1.56
0.75, 3.25
1.56
0.95, 2.54
36–47 months
1.47
0.99, 2.20
0.74
0.34, 1.61
1.03
0.64, 1.64
Marital status (married/living together)
Never married/separated/widowed
0.99
0.58, 1.71
1.42
0.58, 3.51
1.77
0.94, 3.33
Hosmer–Lemeshow test
10.39
7.71
12.67
p values
0.24
0.46
0.12
Reference categories are in parenthesis. Significant p values <0.05; significant p values <0.01.
