Darker Skin Color Measured by Von Luschan Chromatic Scale and Increased Sunlight Exposure Time Are Independently Associated with Decreased Odds of Vitamin D Deficiency in Thai Ambulatory Patients
Table 2
Patient characteristics.
Patient characteristics (N = 334)
Age (years).
64.54 ± 10.45
Female sex
214 (64.1%)
Sunscreen use
Rarely (<3 days/week)
238 (71.3%)
Occasionally (3–5 days/week)
55 (16.5%)
Every day/almost every day (6-7 days/week)
41 (12.3%)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
26.53 ± 4.04
Underlying diseases
Diabetes mellitus
237 (71.0%)
Hypertension
234 (70.1%)
Dyslipidemia
276 (82.6%)
Coronary artery diseases
26 (7.8%)
eGFR (CKD-EPI, mL/min/1.73 m2)
72.79 ± 21.06
Serum 25(OH)D (ng/mL)
25.21 ± 10.06
Vitamin D status
25(OH)D ≥30 ng/mL
85 (25.5%)
25(OH)D 20–<30 ng/mL
140 (41.9%)
25(OH)D <20 ng/mL
109 (32.6%)
Serum PTH (pg/mL)
49.05 ± 22.62
Von Luschan chromatic scale score
Outer forearm
Inner upper arm
Light brown (VLCS score <21)
17 (5.1%)
141 (42.2%)
18
0 (0%)
3 (0.9%)
19
1 (0.3%)
35 (10.5%)
20
16 (4.8%)
103 (30.8%)
Medium brown (VLCS score 21–<25)
217 (65.0%)
183 (54.8%)
21
44 (13.2%)
55 (16.5%)
22
59 (17.7%)
35 (10.5%)
23
41 (12.3%)
59 (17.7%)
24
73 (21.9%)
34 (10.2%)
Dark brown (VLCS score 25–<27)
100 (29.9%)
10 (3.0%)
25
60 (18.0%)
8 (2.4%)
26
26 (7.8%)
1 (0.3%)
27
14 (4.2%)
1 (0.3%)
Daily sunlight exposure time (min/day)
63.54 ± 89.89
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or number of patients (percentage) as appropriate. Abbreviations: eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; PTH: parathyroid hormone ; VLCS: von Luschan chromatic scale score.
