Intake of Animal Protein and Dietary Sources in the Colombian Population: Results of the National Nutrition Survey (ENSIN-2015)

Table 2

Differences in animal protein intake, g/d for every 1000 kcal consumed in Colombian population (aged from 1 to 64 years, nonpregnant women) according to sociodemographic characteristics (National Survey of Nutritional Situation in Colombia (ENSIN-2015)).

Variable	Crude difference (95% CI)		Adjusted difference^‡ (95% CI)
Sex		0.008		0.031
Males	—		—
Females	1.1 (0.3, 1.9)		0.8 (0.1, 1.4)
Age group (y)		0.017		0.521
Preschool children (1–4)	0.6 (−0.3, 1.5)		1.6 (0.7, 2.4)
Schoolchildren (5–12)	−2.1 (−3.4, −0.7)		−0.8 (−1.7, 0.1)
Adolescents (13–17)	−2.5 (−3.7, −1.3)		−1.9 (−3.0, −0.8)
Young adults (18–26)	−1.7 (−2.8, −0.6)		−1.2 (−2.2, −0.2)
Adults (27–49)	−0.0 (−1.2, 1.1)		0.3 (−0.8, 1.3)
Older adults (50–64)	—		—
Height-for-age Z-score^||		0.882		0.486
<−2	0.3 (−0.7, 1.3)		0.5 (−0.4, 1.4)
−2 to <−1	−0.1 (−0.6, 0.4)		0.1 (−0.4, 0.6)
−1 to 1	—		—
>1 to 2	0.7 (−0.3, 1.7)		0.5 (−0.5, 1.5)
>2	−0.6 (−1.8, 0.7)		−0.5 (−1.6, 0.6)
BMI-for-age Z-score^||		0.594		0.871
<−2	0.9 (−3.3, 5.2)		1.0 (−3.0, 5.0)
−2 to <−1	−0.1 (−1.0, 0.9)		0.2 (−0.8, 1.1)
−1 to 1	—		—
>1 to 2	0.4 (−0.2, 1.0)		0.2 (−0.3, 0.8)
>2	0.6 (−0.4, 1.5)		0.5 (−0.4, 1.3)
Education of head		<0.0001		0.113
<5 (primary or less)	−1.1 (−1.9, −0.2)		−0.5 (−1.2, 0.1)
5 to <11	—		—
11 to <16	0.1 (−0.7, 0.9)		−0.2 (−1.0, 0.7)
≥16 (university)	0.7 (−0.6, 2.0)		0.6 (−0.8, 1.9)
Wealth index, quintiles^¶		<0.0001		<0.0001
Q1	−5.3 (−6.8, −3.8)		−4.7 (−6.0, −3.4)
Q2	−4.0 (−5.5, −2.5)		−3.9 (−5.3, −2.4)
Q3	−2.6 (−4.2, −1.1)		−2.6 (−4.1, −1.1)
Q4	—		—
Food insecurity		0.090		0.777
No	—		—
Mild	−0.1 (−0.9, 0.7)		0.5 (−0.7, 0.8)
Moderate	−0.7 (−1.6, 0.2)		−0.3 (−1.1, 0.5)
Severe	−0.8 (−1.8, 0.2)		0.0 (−0.8, 0.9)
Urbanicity		0.002		0.631
Big cities	—		—
Population from 100001 to 1000000	−0.9 (−2.5, 0.7)		−0.6 (−1.4, 0.3)
Population from 0 to 100000	−1.0 (−2.6, 0.6)		0.3 (−0.5, 1.1)
Disperse population	−2.7 (−4.3, −1.1)		0.0 (−0.7, 0.8)
Country region		<0.0001		0.002
Central	—		—
Atlantic (north)	0.8 (−0.2, 1.8)		1.2 (0.4, 1.9)
Oriental	2.2 (1.2, 3.2)		1.6 (0.9, 2.3)
Pacific (west)	0.5 (−0.7, 1.6)		0.5 (−0.3, 1.4)
Bogotá	3.9 (2.3, 5.6)		2.5 (1.0, 4.0)
Amazonia-Orinoquia	2.2 (1.0, 3.4)		2.7 (1.8, 3.7)

Based on 24-hour recall. Energy-adjusted by the density method. Grams/day for every 1000 kcal consumed: 1 kcal/d = 4.18 kJ/d. ^†Test for linear trend for ordinal predictors. For sex, urbanicity, and country region, is from ANOVA. All tests incorporated the complex sampling survey design. ^‡From linear regression models with protein intake as continuous result and indicator variables in the table as predictors except for height-for-age and BMI-for-age. The estimates for education come from a model that excludes the wealth index and food security, which could be on the causal path. The wealth index estimates excluded food security. ^§Adjusted test for linear trend or ANOVA for ordinal or categorical correlates, respectively. ^||According to the WHO [25]. ^¶The wealth index is a composite measure of a household’s cumulative living standard. The wealth index is calculated using easy-to-collect data on a household’s ownership of selected assets such as televisions and bicycles, materials used for housing construction, type of water supply, and sanitation facilities [21]. Bogotá, Barranquilla, Medellín, Cali, and Bucaramanga.