Intake of Animal Protein and Dietary Sources in the Colombian Population: Results of the National Nutrition Survey (ENSIN-2015)

Table 3

Differences in vegetal (plants) protein intake, g/d for every 1000 kcal consumed in Colombian population (aged from 1 to 64 years, nonpregnant women) according to sociodemographic characteristics (National Survey of Nutritional Situation in Colombia (ENSIN-2015)).

Variable	Crude difference (95% CI)		Adjusted difference^‡ (95% CI)
Sex		0.518		0.443
Males	—		—
Females	−0.2 (−1.0, 0.5)		−0.2 (−0.7, 0.3)
Age group (y)		0.621		0.950
Preschool children (1–4)	−1.0 (−1.9, −0.1)		−1.1 (−2.1, −0.1)
Schoolchildren (5–12)	0.9 (−0.4, 2.3)		0.6 (−0.1, 1.3)
Adolescents (13–17)	0.2 (−0.3, 0.7)		0.1 (−0.4, 0.5)
Young adults (18–26)	−0.3 (−0.7, 0.2)		−0.3 (−0.8, 0.1)
Adults (27–49)	−0.1 (−0.7, 0.4)		−0.2 (−0.7, 0.3)
Older adults (50–64)	—		—
Height-for-age Z-score^||		0.950		0.576
<−2	−0.1 (−0.5, 0.3)		−0.0 (−0.4, 0.3)
−2 to <−1	−0.1 (−0.3, 0.1)		−0.0 (−0.3, 0.2)
−1 to 1	—		—
>1 to 2	−0.3 (−0.6, 0.1)		−0.3 (−0.7, 0.1)
>2	−0.4 (−1.0, 0.3)		−0.4 (−1.1, 0.3)
BMI-for-age Z-score^||		0.349		0.265
<−2	−0.0 (−1.1, 1.1)		−0.1 (−1.2, 1.1)
−2 to <−1	0.1 (−0.2, 0.4)		1.1 (−0.2, 0.4)
−1 to 1	—		—
>1 to 2	−0.1 (−0.4, 0.2)		−0.1 (−0.4, 0.1)
>2	−0.2 (−0.6, 0.3)		−0.2 (−0.6, 0.1)
Education of head		0.363		0.254
<5 (primary or less)	−0.2 (−0.6, 0.1)		−0.0 (−0.3, 0.3)
5 to <11	—		—
11 to <16	0.0 (−0.3, 0.3)		−0.1 (−0.4, 0.1)
≥16 (university)	−0.2 (−0.7, 0.2)		−0.3 (−0.7, 0.2)
Wealth index, quintiles^¶		0.894		0.210
Q1	0.0 (−1.0, 1.1)		0.9 (−0.4, 2.2)
Q2	0.2 (−0.2, 0.7)		0.5 (0.0, 1.0)
Q3	0.3 (−0.2, 0.8)		0.4 (−0.1, 0.9)
Q4	—		—
Food insecurity		0.661		0.930
No	—		—
Mild	−0.3 (−0.6, −0.0)		−0.3 (−0.5, −0.0)
Moderate	−0.3 (−0.7, 0.1)		−0.2 (−0.6, 0.1)
Severe	0.0 (−0.5, 0.6)		0.1 (−0.4, 0.7)
Urbanicity		0.009		0.026
Big cities	—		—
Population from 100001 to 1000000	−0.8 (−1.8, 0.1)		−0.9 (−1.9, 0.2)
Population from 0 to 100000	−1.3 (−2.2, −0.3)		−1.5 (−2.6, −0.3)
Disperse population	−1.3 (−2.3, −0.3)		−1.7 (−3.3, −0.2)
Country region		0.740		0.941
Central	—		—
Atlantic (north)	−1.4 (−2.7, −0.1)		−1.4 (−2.3, −0.5)
Oriental	−0.6 (−1.8, 0.6)		−0.2 (−0.7, 0.4)
Pacific (west)	−0.1 (−1.4, 1.1)		−0.1 (−0.8, 0.7)
Bogotá	0.0 (−1.2, 1.3)		−0.5 (−1.5, 0.5)
Amazonia-Orinoquia	−1.3 (−2.6, −0.1)		−1.0 (−1.6, −0.4)

Based on 24-hour recall. Energy-adjusted by the density method. Grams/day for every 1000 kcal consumed: 1 kcal/d = 4.18 kJ/d. ^†Test for linear trend for ordinal predictors. For sex, urbanicity, and country region, is from ANOVA. All tests incorporated the complex sampling survey design. ^‡From linear regression models with protein intake as continuous result and indicator variables in the table as predictors except for height-for-age and BMI-for-age. The estimates for education come from a model that excludes the wealth index and food security, which could be on the causal path. The wealth index estimates excluded food security. ^§Adjusted test for linear trend or ANOVA for ordinal or categorical correlates, respectively. ^||According to the WHO [25]. ^¶The wealth index is a composite measure of a household’s cumulative living standard. The wealth index is calculated using easy-to-collect data on a household’s ownership of selected assets such as televisions and bicycles, materials used for housing construction, type of water supply, and sanitation facilities [21]. Bogotá, Barranquilla, Medellín, Cali, and Bucaramanga.