Research Article
Knowledge, Consumption Pattern, and Adverse Effects of Energy Drinks among Asian Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from Malaysia
Table 6
Analysis of different average consumption groups of study participants and sociodemographics.
| | | Daily (%) | >1 weekly (%) | Once weekly (%) | 1–3 times monthly (%) | 1–3 times annually (%) | Chi (X2) value |
| | Gender | | Male | 6 (2.8) | 33 (15.4) | 32 (15.0) | 61 (28.5) | 82 (38.3) | 56.145 | | Female | 6 (2.0) | 12 (4.0) | 20 (6.6) | 53 (17.6) | 210 (69.8) | ≤0.001 | | Age group | | 15–18 Years | 1 (1.5) | 6 (9.2) | 5 (7.7) | 26 (40.0) | 27 (41.5) | 64.127 | | 19–25 Years | 8 (2.4) | 19 (5.7) | 23 (6.9) | 59 (17.7) | 225 (67.4) | ≤0.001 | | 26–40 Years | 2(2.2) | 17 (18.3) | 20 (21.5) | 24 (25.8) | 30 (32.3) | | | ≥41 Years | 1 (4.3) | 3 (13.0) | 4 (17.4) | 5 (21.7) | 10 (43.5) | | | Race | | Malay | 3 (2.7) | 22 (19.5) | 20 (17.7) | 38 (33.6) | 30 (26.5) | 85.775 | | Chinese | 7 (2.3) | 13 (4.2) | 19 (6.1) | 60 (19.3) | 212 (68.2) | ≤0.001 | | Indian | 1 (1.4) | 10 (13.9) | 13 (18.1) | 15 (20.8) | 33 (45.8) | | | Others | 1 (5.3) | — | — | 1 (5.3) | 17 (89.5) | | | Type of resident | | Urban | 11 (2.5) | 34 (7.7) | 42 (9.5) | 99 (22.3) | 257 (58) | 6.637 | | Rural | 1 (1.4) | 11 (15.3) | 10 (13.9) | 15 (20.8) | 35 (48.6) | 0.156 | | Education level | | Uneducated | — | 1 (50.0) | — | — | 1 (50.0) | 26.908 | | Primary education (e.g., UPSR) | — | — | — | — | — | 0.001 | | Secondary education (e.g., PMR/PT3/SPM/STPM/O-level) | 2 (2.0) | 12 (11.8) | 13 (12.7) | 37 (36.3) | 38 (37.3) | | | Tertiary education (e.g. Diploma, bachelor, Master, Ph.D.) | 10 (2.4) | 32 (7.8) | 39 (9.5) | 77 (18.7) | 253 (61.6) | | | Employment status | | Employed | 5 (3.2) | 23 (14.9) | 31 (20.1) | 33 (21.4) | 62 (40.3) | 47.150 | | Unemployed | — | 1 (3.7) | 2 (7.4) | 5 (18.5) | 19 (70.4) | ≤0.001 | | Student | 7 (2.1) | 21 (6.3) | 18 (5.4) | 75 (22.7) | 210 (63.4) | | | Retired | — | — | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | | | Nature of sleeping | | Regular | 7 (2.1) | 30 (9.0) | 36 (10.8) | 80 (24) | 180 (54.1) | 3.445 | | Irregular | 5 (2.7) | 15 (8.2) | 16 (8.8) | 34 (18.7) | 112 (61.5) | 0.486 | | Coffee intake | | Yes | 9 (3.6) | 26 (10.3) | 33 (13.1) | 54 (21.4) | 130 (51.6) | 11.451 | | No | 3 (1.1) | 19 (7.2) | 19 (7.2) | 60 (22.8) | 162 (61.6) | 0.022 | | BMI | | Underweight (BMI <18.5) | 2 (3.1) | 6 (9.2) | 7 (10.8) | 11 (16.9) | 39 (60) | 6.528 | | Normal (BMI 18.5 to 24.9) | 8 (2.2) | 28 (7.7) | 38 (10.4) | 84 (23) | 207 (56.7) | 0.887 | | Overweight (BMI 25 to 29.9) | 2 (2.6) | 9 (11.8) | 7 (9.2) | 16 (21.1) | 42 (55.3) | | | Obese (BMI ≥30) | 0 (0) | 2 (22.2) | 0 (0) | 3 (33.3) | 4 (44.4) | | | Source of information on energy drink | | Health care professional (e.g. Pharmacist, doctor) | 3 (4.5) | 8 (11.9) | 4 (6.0) | 17 (25.4) | 35 (52.2) | 4.362 | | Others (family members/relatives, friends, social media/advertisement) | 9 (2.0) | 37 (8.3) | 48 (10.7) | 97 (21.7) | 257 (57.4) | 0.359 |
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