The Effects of Hepatogomax Enteral Formula on Systemic Inflammation, Caecum Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels, and Liver Histopathology in Thioacetamide-Induced Rats

Table 2

Inflammatory biomarker before and after intervention.

Variable	Preintervention	Postintervention		Δ Changes
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD		Mean ± SD
TNF-α (pg/ml)					<0.001
K1	6.62 ± 0.21	7.01 ± 0.32	0.027	0.38 ± 0.20^b
K2	20.70 ± 0.26	20.97 ± 0.29	0.006	0.27 ± 0.14^b
K3	20.88 ± 0.25	7.89 ± 0.29	<0.001	−12.99 ± 0.42^a,b
P1	20.91 ± 0.20	15.06 ± 0.34	0.028	−5.85 ± 0.35^a,b
P2	20.85 ± 0.20	9.33 ± 0.38	<0.001	−11.47 ± 0.45^a,b
P3	20.78 ± 0.16	7.30 ± 0.21	<0.001	−13.49 ± 0.28^a,b
IL-6 (pg/ml)					<0.001
K1	66.5 ± 2.47	70.82 ± 2.87	0.002	4.32 ± 1.86^d
K2	148.67 ± 5.30	153.153 ± 5.39	0.008	4.49 ± 2.57^d
K3	151.16 ± 5.61	83.77 ± 3.43	<0.001	−67.40 ± 3.81^c,d
P1	152.32 ± 5.03	117.63 ± 4.17	<0.001	−34.70 ± 4.60^c,d
P2	150.17 ± 4.15	92.23 ± 3.21	<0.001	−57.93 ± 5.79^c,d
P3	151.16 ± 7.17	79.17 ± 4.69	<0.001	−72.05 ± 7.55^c,d

¹Wilcoxon test, ²paired t-test, ³Kruskal–Wallis test, ⁴one-way ANOVA test,  =  value, significant difference ( < 0.05), ^asignificant difference against control group (Mann–Whitney test), ^bsignificant difference against intervention group (Mann–Whitney test), ^csignificant difference against control group (post hoc LSD test), ^dsignificant difference against intervention group (post hoc LSD test).