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| Hybrid nanofluid | Preparation | Observation | Reference |
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| Polypyrrole (PPy)-Fe3O4/water | Two-step strategy chemical: hybridized magnetic nanocomposites | Controllable magnetic properties can thus be engendered. | Turcu et al. [10] |
| CNT-Au/water and CNT-Cu/water | Two-step strategy mechanical: metal addition to CNT water based nanofluid | The synergistic effect of the hybridized fluid appears not to have created a better thermal conductivity. | Jana et al. [52] |
| Cu/MWCNTs-EG/water | Two-step strategy chemical: hybridized nanoliquid-solid composite | Homogeneous distribution of Cu-decorated MWCNTs in base fluids. | Jha and Ramaprabhu [53] |
| Ag-MWNTs-EG/water/Au-MWNTs-EG/water/Pd-MWNTs-EG/water | Two-step strategy chemical: hybridized nanoliquid-solid composite | Improvement of thermal conductivity with temperature was observed. | Jha and Ramaprabhu [54] |
| Al2O3 + MEPCM | Two-step strategy mechanical: hybridized nanoliquid-solid composite | There is a significant enhancement in thermal conductivity compared to water. | Ho et al. [55] |
| Ag-Al2O3/water | One-step strategy: 2 mixed nanofluids | Hybrid nanofluids were effective compared with mono nanofluids. | Han and Rhi [50] |
| SiO2-MWCNT/water | Two-step strategy chemical: hybridized nanoliquid-solid composite | 4 weeks of stability of fluid with surfactants. Inadequate thermal conductivity results. | Baghbanzadeh et al. [56] |
| Al2O3-Cu/water | Two-step strategy chemical: hybridized nanoliquid-solid composite | A thermal conductivity enhancement of 12.11% was achieved. | Suresh et al. [57] |
| Al2O3-Cu/water | Two-step strategy: 2 particles mixed in water | Improvement of 13.56% in Nu at Re = 1730. | Momin [58] |
| Cu-TiO2/water | Two-step strategy: hybridized nanoliquid-solid composite | Thermal conductivity of Nu increases by 52%, 49%, and 68%, respectively. | Madhesh and Kalaiselvam [59] |
| γ-Al2O3-MWCNT/water | Two-step strategy: hybridized nanoliquid-solid composite | Thermal conductivity enrichment of about 14.75% was achieved. | Abbasi et al. [60] |
| Ag-MWCNT/water | One-step strategy thermal: hybridized nanoliquid-solid composite | MWCNT nanofluids are 14.5% less thermally conductive than Ag/MWNT hybrid nanofluids. | Munkhbayar et al. [61] |
| Cu/Cu2O-water | Two-step strategy-mechanical: hybridized nanoliquid-solid composite | Thermal conductivity enhancement was observed. | Nine et al. [62] |
| MWCNT-Fe2O3/water | Two-step strategy-mechanical: 2 nanoparticles dissolved in water | Thermal conductivity is increased by 28%. | Chen et al. [63] |
| MWCNT-Fe2O3/water | Two-step strategy: hybridized nanoliquid-solid composite | Thermal conductivity is enhanced by 29%. | Sundar et al. [64] |
| Fe2O3 + SiO2-MWCNT/water | Two-step strategy chemical: hybridized nanoliquid-solid composite | Thermal conductivity augmentation of 24.5% for 0.03% vol. | Theres Baby and Sundara [65] |
| Ag + MgO/water | Two-step strategy: hybrid nanocomposite | The thermal conductivity and viscosity of hybrids increase as the fraction of hybrids increases. | Esfe et al. [66] |
| Fe3O4-CNT/water | One-step strategy: 2 mixed nanofluids | In the presence of a magnetic field, the temperature had a negative effect on the thermal conductivity. This was for 0.9% FF + 1.35% CNT. | Shahsavar et al. [67] |
| Cu-Pd | One-step strategy: hybridized nanoliquid-solid composite | Maximum thermal conductivity improvement (18.79%) was observed for Cu/Pd at 20 : 1 molar ratio and at 80°C. | Jaiswal et al. [68] |
| SiC/SiO2-water/EG | Two-step strategy: 2 nanoparticles dissolved in water and EG | Thermal conductivity and viscosity enhancement of nanofluid over the base liquid. | Nikkam et al. [69] |
| Al2O3-TiO2/water | Two-step strategy: 2 nanoparticles dissolved in distilled water | The wettability of hybrid nanofluids improves with increasing volume fraction. | Septiadi et al. [70] |
| Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2/water/EG | Two-step strategy: 3 particles mixed and spread in water/EG | Formation of a stable solution. | Ramadhan et al. [45] |
| TiO2-Al2O3/water/EG | Two-step strategy mechanical: 2 particles mixed in water and EG | Improved heat transfer efficiency of the hybridized fluids with a volume fraction above 0.04%. | Urmi et al. [71] |
| MgO-ZnO/deionized water (DIW) | Two-step strategy: 2 particles hybridized in water | The stability and morphology of the hybridized fluids were confirmed to be satisfactory. | Giwa et al. [72] |
| Cu-COOH-MWCNT//water | Two-step strategy: 2 particles mixed in water | Enhanced heat transfer capability was registered. | Gupta et al. [73] |
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