Journal of Nanotechnology / 2023 / Article / Tab 2 / Review Article
Phytosynthesized Nanoparticles as Novel Antifungal Agent for Sustainable Agriculture: A Mechanistic Approach, Current Advances, and Future Directions Table 2 In vivo plant model: antifungal potential and their mode of action of various phytosynthesized nanoparticles.
Plant name Extract Size and shape NPs Fungal strain Mode of action Plant disease References Trachyspermum ammi Seed 15−20 nm cubic ZnO Cercospora canesens Adsorb with pathogen surface, penetrate and damage the cell membrane and internal organelles Mung bean (leaf spot)[85 ] Eclipta alba Leaves 32 nm hexagonal ZnO Sclerospora graminicola Directly NPs inhibit spore germination and indirectly enhance defense system which scavenge free radicals Pearl millet (downy mildew)[86 ] Terminalia bellerica Leaves 22 nm hexagonal ZnO Alternaria brassicae Damage cell wall, induce stress in cell, disintegrate macromolecules, and degrade cytoplasmic material Mustard crop (blight disease) [87 ] Citrus sinensis Peel 32−47 nm spherical AgO Modiolula phaseolina Restrict respiratory sequence which leads to cell death Faba bean (charcoal rot)[88 ] Moringa oleifera Leaves 450 nm crystalline Ag A. flavus Inhibit DNA replication, inactivate of enzymes, degrade cellular proteins which leads ultimately to loss of enzyme expressions, and change the aflatoxins biosynthetic pathways Rice aflatoxins [89 ] Azadirachta indica Leaves 22−30 nm spherical Ag Alternaria solani Disturb DNA replication, enzymes proteins denaturation, and inactivate normal cells functions Tomato (early blight) [90 ] Cassia fistula Leaves 2−38 nm spherical CuO Fusarium oxysporum Membrane leakage, deformation of macromolecules eventually cell death Tomato wilting [69 ] Eucalyptus globulus Leaves 65 nm triangular 45 nm cluster Cu Colletotrichum capsici Arrest and inhibit mycelial growth Chilli (fruit rot) [91 ] Mentha piperita Tamarix aphylla Leaves 50 nm spherical CuO Fusarium oxysporum Inhibit growth by damaging fungal cells and induce plant responses against disease Musk melon (fusarium wilt) [92 ] Curcuma longa Rhizome 20−30 nm spherical CuO Fusarium oxysporum Damage and deform the fungal cells membranes Chickpea wiltting [93 ]