Comparative Analysis of Proteomic of Curcumin Reversing Multidrug Resistance in HCT-8/VCR Cells

Li, Lei; Yu, Libo; Cao, Xiansheng; Zhang, Chao; Liu, Qi; Chen, Jun

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3605436

Journal of Oncology

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

New Insights into Digestive System Cancers 2022

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 3605436 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3605436

Comparative Analysis of Proteomic of Curcumin Reversing Multidrug Resistance in HCT-8/VCR Cells

Lei Li,¹Libo Yu,²Xiansheng Cao,¹Chao Zhang,¹Qi Liu,¹and Jun Chen¹

Academic Editor: Alamgeer Yuchi

Received22 Feb 2022

Accepted11 Apr 2022

Published25 Apr 2022

Abstract

To further explore the mechanisms of curcumin reversing multidrug resistance (MDR) in HCT8/VCR cells. Here, we employed comparative analysis of proteomic of essential proteins of human colon carcinoma HCT8/VCR cells with or without treatment of curcumin by separating and quantifying the essential protein posttranslational modification through radical-free two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with strong reductant. The reverse impact of curcumin on multidrug resistance of HCT8/VCR and HCT8/VCR cells was evaluated using MTT assay. After adding curcumin 25 μM for 72 h, by 2-DE and mass spectrometry, twenty proteins were certified with changed expression levels. Three protein sites were upregulated and seventeen protein sites were downregulated in curcumin-treated HCT-8/VCR. Verification analyses were conducted using RT-PCR and Western blotting for downregulated proteins including GSTP1 and PRDX6. The proteins might have a direct or indirect contact with multidrug resistance. The finding of the research would provide novel sights for systematically comprehending the mechanisms of the reversal impacts of curcumin on MDR in HCT8/VCR cells and contribute to the recognition and application of new markers in clinical practice.

1. Introduction

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a high-mortality disease and its morbidity rate prevails in the world, particularly in developed countries. [1]. In Asia, CRC has emerged as the second most common cancer [2]. CRC is the third leading cause of cancer death for both men and women, with an estimated 52 980 persons in the US projected to die of colorectal cancer in 2021 [3]. Although progresses in surgical therapy of CRC, the prognosis of sick persons has not been perfected prominently in the last few decades since most patients are diagnosed with advanced or metastatic cancer. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy in combination with surgical operations would be the most efficient tool to the patients with CRC of intermediate and advanced stage. However, the existence of drug resistance against clinically applied anticarcinoma medicines has been an important barrier in carcinoma treatment [4]. In order to get more efficient chemotherapeutic treatment of CRC sick persons, it is necessary to study the efficient medicines that could reverse MDR. Chemical sensitization such as verapamil, MK571, and CsA could reverse MDR, but they are forbidden in clinical practice because of unacceptable toxicities. As a result, it is indispensable to explore novel reversing drugs that do not have the nonideal toxicological effects [5].

Recently, scientists focus on the traditional Chinese medicine with numerous resource, high effect, low toxicity, and multitarget, and it is able to aim directly to the complex mechanisms of MDR. Recent researches show there will be a bright future on developing the Chinese medicine reversing drugs on cancer MDR. As shown in Figure 1, the polyphenol curcumin (CUR, diferuloylmethane, 1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione), an effective constituent for spice turmeric, has been applied as a food additive and a traditional drug in Asia for centuries. There are many biological activities (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antitumorigenesis activities) [6–9]. Curcumin has been reported with the inhibition of P-gp expression in multidrug-resistant human tumor [10, 11], and even reverse the development of every stage of carcinoma [12]. The maximum daily dose of curcumin for an adult is 10 g, while a plasma exposure of was detected at the dose level of 8 g per day [13]. In our view, curcumin will be a great leading chemical compound for renewing the treatment effect of anticarcinoma medicines without unwished side effects. Currently, comparative proteomics researches of 2-DE are widely applied to chemotherapeutics resistance of many cancer cell lines, including esophageal carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and breast carcinoma [14–16]. However, global protein analysis is new using 2-DE on reversing of MDR of curcumin in HCT-8/VCR cells.

In this study, we used proteomic skills to study protein extracts from medicine-resistant HCT8/VCR cells and curcumin-treated HCT8/VCR cells. After comparing the expression patterns, proteins with discriminative expressive levels were analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-off light mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), which was further validated by RT-RCR and Western blotting. To obtain the mechanism of curcumin reversing multidrug resistance of tumor cells and finally find the drug target of multidrug resistance reversing agent, so as to achieve the purpose of reversing multidrug resistance of colon cancer, we have done some preliminary work in this field, which lays a foundation for further study on the mechanism of curcumin reversing multidrug resistance of human colon cancer.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Reagents and Chemicals

Vincristine (VCR) was gained from Main Luck Pharmaceuticals (Shenzhen, China), and curcumin (CUR) and MTT reagent (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazolyl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) were bought from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). The other reagents applied in 2-DE were provided by Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA, USA).

2.2. Cell Lines/Cultures

The HCT-8/VCR cell line was gained from the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Shanghai, China), which were cultivated in medium containing 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Rockville, MD, USA) with addition of penicillin (100 U/mL) and streptomycin (100 μg/mL) in Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (Gibco, Rockville, MD, USA). The cell cultures were kept in a moist CO₂ incubator (5%) under 37°C, and VCR (2 mg/L) was further added to the cell cultures. The cells were cultivated in no medicine culture for 2 weeks before their use in experiments.

2.3. MTT Assays

CUR stock solution (1000 mM) was prepared with DMSO, which was diluted by medium to prepare medium of different concentrations of CUR and unified concentration of DMSO (0.1%). HCT-8/VCR cells ( cells/well) were planted in nighty-six-well plates and incubated for 72 hrs with medium of various CUR concentrations (6.25–100 μM), while controls were incubated with 0.1% DMSO. Afterwards, MTT reagent (20 μL for each well, 5 mg/mL, USB, Austria) was administered and cells were cultivated under 37°C for another 4 hrs. After removal of the medium, DMSO (100 μL each well) was administered, following by gentle plate shaking of 5 minutes. A microplate spectrophotometer (BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) was employed to determine the light absorption value at 570 nm. Every step was performed for three times and each test was performed four times.

2.4. Protein Extraction

HCT-8/VCR cells () were treated 25 μM CUR for 72 hours and rinsed with ice-cold PBS buffer solution for three times and directly scraped off from the plates lysed in buffer solution (1 mM PMSF, 1 mM EDTA, 65 mM DTT, 2 M thiourea, 7 M urea, 5 μg/mL RNase, 20 μg/mL DNase, 0.2% (w/v) Bio-Lyte, 4% Chaps). After cultivated on ice for 1 h, centrifugation at (4°C, 30 mins) was conducted to separate lysates. The supernatant was transferred and packaged separately and then kept under -80°C to be used. The Bradford protein assay kit (Sangon Biotech, Co, Ltd. Shanghai, China) was employed to determine the protein concentration [17].

2.5. Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

200 μg protein was diluted to 380 μL with rehydration liquor and used to pH 3–10 (nonlinear, 17 cm) IPG strip (Bio-rad, Hercules, CA, USA) by 15-h rehydration (0.001% bromophenol blue, 0.2% IPG buffer, 4% CHAPS, 65 mM DTT, 2 M thiourea, 7 M urea) at 17°C. The IEF was performed by an Bio-Rad PROTEAN IEF Cell with the following parameters: (1) 100 V, 4 hours, slow; (2) 250 V, 2 hours, slow; (3) 500 V, 2 hours, slow; (4) 1000 V, 3 hours, rapid; (5) 10000 V, 5 h, liner; (6) 100000 V, 60000 vh, rapid; and (7) 500 V, 2 h, rapid. At the end of IEF, 0.375 M Tris-HCl equilibration buffer (1% DTT, 2% SDS, 20% glycerol, 6 M urea, pH 8.8) was applied to single strips. Iodoacetamide (2.5%) buffer was applied for another 15 mins to prepare the thiol-free groups. Strip proteins were dissolved in 10% SDS gels, and electrophoresis was conducted with Bio-Rad PROTEAN II xi Cell vertical electrophoresis bath system.

2.6. Silver Staining

Fixation liquid (methanol/water/acetic acid, 4/5/1 v/v) was applied to the gel for 1 h/overnight after electrophoresis, after which photosensitive solvents (3.14‰ sodium thiosulfate, 6.8% sodium acetate, 30% methanol) for 30 minutes. Every gel was rinsed by water for 3 times (each time for 5 minutes) and was stained under 2.50‰ silver nitrate for 20 minutes, and each gel was rinsed with water for minutes and then improved by cultivating with the developer liquid (0.04‰ formaldehyde and 2.5% sodium carbonate) till development of the proteins. Then, silver staining was terminated by adding 14.6‰ EDTA for 10 min.

2.7. Gel Scanning and Image Analysis

A molecular Imager GS-800 Calibrated Densitometer (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) was employed in this study for gel scanning and studied by PDQuest version 8.0 (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Image analysis includes site detection, site editing, background subtraction, and site matching. Comparisons were made between gel images of HCT-8/VCR cells with and without the treatment of CUR administration pair and pair. Proteins were sorted as being discriminatively expressed between the two cell lines when site intensity was showed a distinction ≥ twofold or sites which appeared or disappeared after dealing with 3 independent tests were chosen for analysis by HPLC-CHIP-MS/MS.

2.8. Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Proteins

Protein sites were isolated and every specimen was transferred to an EP tube (1.5 mL) and digested with trypsin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer’s statement. The MS of peptides were acquired by Bruker AutoflexIII MALDI-TOF/TOF MS (Bruker). Swiss-Prot 55.3 database (MASCOT 2.04 search engine, Matrix Science, UK) was employed for protein recognition with the following conditions: (i) enzyme, trypsin; (ii) type of search, MS/MS ion search; (iii) allowance of one missed cleavage; (iv) variable, oxidation of methionine; (v) fixed modification, carbamidomethylation; and (vi) fragment and peptide mass tolerance, 0.5 Da and 50 ppm. Among all the protein identifications, only those whose protein or ion score confidence intervals were accepted.

2.9. Western Blotting Analysis

Cells were dealt with using methods mentioned above. For separation of total protein draw, cells were rinsed by ice-cold PBS buffer solution and then lysed on ice in RIPA lysis buffer (1 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF, 50 mM Tris [pH 7.4]. 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholate) for 10 minutes, after which centrifugation (12,000 rpm) was performed for the cell lysates under 4°C for 10 minutes. After gathering the supernatant, proteins in the drew samples were tested by BCA protein assay kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China). Samples in this study were stored under -80°C for the next tests.

All cell lysate was heated in boiled water in (0.5% bromchlorphenol blue, 8% DTT, 10% SDS, 50% glycerol, 125 mM Tris-HCl [pH 6.8]) for ten minutes. The same mass of proteins (30 μg) was resolved by 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), which were thereafter obstructed by skim milk (5%) in TBST (0.1% Tween-20, 50 mM Tris-Cl [pH 7.6], 150 mM NaCl) under 37°C for two hours. Afterwards, coincubation of the membranes and primal polyclonal antibodies against glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), Peroxiredoxins 6 (PRDX6) (rabbit antihuman, Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA) and β-actin (rabbit anti-human, Santa Cruz) was carried out overnight under 4°C. After being washed using TBS including 0.05% Tween 20, the membranes were thereafter cultivated together with secondary antibody (rat antirabbit, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) for two hours. They were visual under chemiluminescence system on the basis of the manufacturer’s statement.

2.10. Real-Time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Analysis

Cells would be treated as described above, all RNA of each cell line was separated using the RNAiso reagent (TaKaRa, Tokyo, Japan) on the basis of the manufacturer’s agreement and soon afterwards converted into cDNA templates by reverse transcription using the SuperScript II Reverse Transcription kit (TaKaRa, Tokyo, Japan). The RT-PCR primers were conducted as follows: GSTP1 (forward primer 5-GTAGTTTGCCCAAGGTCAAG-3; reverse primer 5-AGC CACCTGAGGGGTAAG-3), PRDX6 (forward primer 5-CACAAGCTTATGCCCGGAGGTCTGCTTC-3; reverse primer 5-CACGGTACCGTAGGCTGGGGTGTGTAG-3). A PCR reaction was conA PCR reaction was conducted β-actin (forward primer 5-TCCTGTGGGATCCACGAAACT-3; reverse primer 5-GAAGCATTTGCGGTGGACGAT-3) for RNA normalization. Reactions were performed in accordance with the standard protocol. The reaction parameters were as follows: GSTP1, 5 minutes under 95°C, 1 minute under 94°C, 30 seconds under 59°C, and 1 minute under 72°C for 35 cycles, 72°C extension 5 minutes; PRDX6, β-actin, 3 minutes under 94°C, 30 seconds under 94°C, 30 seconds under 58°C, and 1 minute under 72°C for 35 cycles, 72°C extension 5 minutes. The 2% agarose gel electrophoresis was conducted for the resultant PCR products and visualized with EBr.

2.11. Statistical Analysis

The SPSS analytical software (v10.1, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was employed for all analysis in this study. All data would be presented in the formation of , and the difference significance (treatment vs. control) was tested via Student’s -test. suggested statistical significance.

3. Results

3.1. Cytotoxic Impacts of Curcumin on HCT-8/VCR Cells

We discovered that 1-25 μmol/L curcumin was not evidently cytotoxic to HCT-8/VCR cells (). But 50-100 μmol/L curcumin caused prominent cytotoxicity in HCT-8/VCR cells (Figure 2). Because treatment of cells using curcumin of different dose levels (6.25, 12.5, 25 μmol/L) had no prominent impact on cell viability, these concentrations (25 μmol/L) were kept for further study.

3.2. Two-DE and MS/MS Analysis Results

On the basis of the 2-DE, proteomic analysis was conducted to identify discriminatively protein expression before and after CUR treatment. To identify repeatability of results, two-DE was conducted thrice for all samples and analyzed using PDQuest version 8.0. The protein sites of the samples were mostly found in the gel in position referring to 26-95 kDa and the isoelectric points (PI) in the range of 3.5-8. Approximately, 1000 sites were tested on every gel using silver staining. Compared to the control groups, twenty-six proteins in total were obviously changed in groups treated with curcumin. A total of twenty protein sites were discerned by MALDI-TOF-MS (Figures 3 and 4). Three protein sites were upregulated in the curcumin-performed groups, and seventeen protein sites were downregulated. The information of the differential protein is listed in Table 1.

(a)

(b)

3.3. Expression Confirmation by Western Blotting

To validate the identified proteins, we did Western blot analysis to verify two selected proteins, GSTP1 and PRDX6. As shown in Figure 5, GSTP1 and PRDX6 were decreased in the curcumin-treated HCT-8/VCR cells, consistent using the data shown in Figure 2 obtained using proteomic approach.

(a)

(b)

3.4. Expression Confirmation by RT-PCR

Expressions of mRNA for GSTP1 and PRDX6 were assessed by RT-PCR in this study. As indicated in Figure 6, GSTP1and PRDX6 were reduced in the curcumin-treated HCT-8/VCR cells, while similar decrease patterns were observed for mRNAs of GSTP1 and PRDX6 in the curcumin-treated HCT-8/VCR cells according to the two-DE and Western blotting analysis.

(a)

(b)

4. Discussion

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is generally acknowledged as cross-resistance to a wide spectrum of agents whose structures and functions are not necessarily related [18]. In the field of cancer treatment, MDR depicts the development of cross-resistance to various unexposed chemotherapeutic agents whose molecular structure and action mechanisms are different from the agent with resistance. Resistance to anticancer medicines is the main problem stopping the efficient treatment of cancer [19]. So, illustration of the mechanisms of MDR is of vital importance for the improvement of CRC prognosis. Curcumin mentioned above, a natural polyphenolic compound, can be applied to restrain main ABC drug transporters like P-gp, ABCG2, and MRP1 which are very important in the development of MDR [20–22]. But the famous multidrug resistance-related genes, MDR1, MRP1, LRP, and GST-π may not fully clarify the MDR [23].

This study applied high-throughput proteomics way to explore differences in the protein expression with the treatment of curcumin in HCT-8/VCR cells. As a reliable cell model, the well-resolved, renewable 2-DE profiles of MDR reversing of curcumin in HCT-8/VCR cells have been primarily established. Compared to those in HCT-8/VCR cell, twenty proteins were analyzed by HPLC-CHIP-MS/MS analysis. To identify the proteomic outcomes, 2 proteins GSTP1 and PRDX6 were chosen and verified by RT-PCR and Western blotting, the results of which were in line with the 2-DE gel image data, offering a rationale for the following functional explorations of selected proteins.

GSTs are important phase II detoxification enzymes with the biological function to catalyze the combination with glutathione of many electrophilic compounds [24, 25]. Mammalian GSTs have been divided into 5 different gene families: 4 cytosolic groups (Alpha, Mu, Pi, and Theta) and 1 microsomal form. GSTP1 is a member of the GST enzyme superfamily.

Overexpression of GSTP1 is widely observed in colorectal cancer, from aberrant crypt foci to advanced carcinomas [26]. Moreover, it has been discovered to be associated with medicine resistance in some carcinomas [27, 28] Andrew et al. [29] showed stable transfection of GSTP1 to HEp2 cells, which suggests involvement of GSTP1 enzymes and efflux mechanisms in the obtained doxorubicin-resistance phenotype. In addition, the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin was also improved after cell transfection with an antisense vector against GSTP1 [30]. Furthermore, by the administration of verapamil or increased doxorubicin concentration, the GSTP1 inhibitor curcumin improved in HEp2A cells as P-gp efflux obstacle had been reversed. What’s more, curcumin had a chemo-sensitive impact under low doxorubicin [29]. Those prove that GSTP1 is an important factor in tumor cells for drug resistance. Therefore, downregulation of GSTP1 in curcumin-treated HCT-8/VCR cells should benefit the multidrug-resistance reversing of curcumin.

The Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs), thiol-containing peroxidases, a novel family of antioxidants which plays a critical role in breaking down hydrogen peroxide; thus, PRDXs can participate in cellular antioxidant defense [31]. PRDXs are also regulated cell proliferation differentiation apoptosis, chemotherapy [32–35] and radiotherapy resistance [36]. There are six isoforms of PRDXs (PRDX1–6) in mammal cells, which can be separated into two subgroups: the 2-Cys PRDXs and 1-Cys PRDXs [37–39]. PRDX6 is a key player in the removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but its characters clearly distinguish it from other family members. Because PRDX6 has a bifunctional protein with glutathione peroxidase and phospholipase A2 activities, which was named a “moonlighting” protein that is very important in physiology of antioxidant defense [39].

Young et al. [40] showed that gastric cancer cells were transfected with various concentrations of PRDX II antisense plasmid, pPRDXII/AS, and then administered with the same levels of cisplatin, PRDX II antisense enhanced cisplatin-induced cell death. In addition, Park et al. [41] also showed that conduct of 11A cells with a PRDX II antisense reduced induction of PRDX II, improving the radiation sensitivity. All these certify that PRDXs may play a certain role in tumor chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. It is conceivable that the decreased expression of PRDX6 in curcumin-treated HCT-8/VCR cells is an outcome of the PRDX6 impact of curcumin.

In summary, it is the first paper using the proteomic method to discern proteins MDR reversing of curcumin in HCT-8/VCR cells. Compared to the controls, a number of proteins were found to be significantly altered in curcumin-treated HCT-8/VCR cells. Our research suggested that GSTP1 and PRDX6 might take part in the MDR of human colon carcinoma. Among these proteins, some have not been studied to be relevant to carcinoma medicine resistance before, like PRDX6, and could be new multidrug-resistance relevant proteins. As a result, these discoveries could be a primary step to indicate the molecular mechanisms and make certain their roles and function requiring to be further researched in the future.

5. Conclusion

(1) In this study, HPLC-CHP-MS/MS was used for identification and bioinformatics analysis of twenty-six differentially expressed proteins, and a total of twenty proteins were identified. These differentially expressed proteins have an impact on biological characteristics of tumor cells such as division, apoptosis, signal transduction, glycolysis, multidrug resistance, and antioxidant

(2) The verification results of GSTP1 and PRDX6 protein expression levels were consistent with proteomics results

Data Availability

On reasonable requests, datasets for analyses used in this study are available through contact with the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Authors’ Contributions

Lei Li, Libo Yu, and Xiansheng Cao contributed equally to this work.

References

A. Jemal, R. Siegel, E. Ward et al., “Cancer statistics, 2006,” CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 106–130, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. J. Sung, S. Y. Choi, F. K. Chan, J. Y. Ching, J. T. Lau, and S. Griffiths, “Obstacles to colorectal cancer screening in Chinese: a study based on the health belief model,” The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 103, no. 4, pp. 974–981, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Haghighat, D. A. Sussman, and A. Deshpande, “US preventive services task force recommendation statement on screening for colorectal cancer,” JAMA, vol. 326, no. 13, p. 1328, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Aouali, L. Eddabra, J. Macadre, and H. Morjani, “Immunosuppressors and reversion of multidrug-resistance,” Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 61–70, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Kozovska, V. Gabrisova, and L. Kucerova, “Colon cancer: cancer stem cells markers, drug resistance and treatment,” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 911–916, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Prakobwong, J. Khoontawad, P. Yongvanit et al., “Curcumin decreases cholangiocarcinogenesis in hamsters by suppressing inflammation-mediated molecular events related to multistep carcinogenesis,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 88–100, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. K. Srivastava, Q. Chen, I. Siddiqui, K. Sarva, and S. Shankar, “Linkage of curcumin-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p 21(/WAF1/CIP1),” Cell Cycle, vol. 6, no. 23, pp. 2953–2961, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Shishodia, M. M. Chaturvedi, and B. B. Aggarwal, “Role of curcumin in cancer therapy,” Current Problems in Cancer, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 243–305, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Duvoix, R. Blasius, S. Delhalle et al., “Chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of curcumin,” Cancer Letters, vol. 223, no. 2, pp. 181–190, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Anuchapreeda, P. Thanarattanakorn, S. Sittipreechacharn, S. Tima, P. Chanarat, and P. Limtrakul, “Inhibitory effect of curcumin on MDR1 gene expression in patient leukemic cells,” Archives of Pharmacal Research, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 866–873, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Limtrakul, S. Anuchapreeda, and D. Buddhasukh, “Modulation of human multidrug-resistance MDR-1 gene by natural curcuminoids,” BMC Cancer, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 13, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Giordano and G. Tommonaro, “Curcumin and cancer,” Nutrients, vol. 11, no. 10, p. 2376, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
A. L. Cheng, C. H. Hsu, J. K. Lin et al., “Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions,” Anticancer Research, vol. 21, no. 4B, pp. 2895–2900, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Wen, B. Zheng, Y. Hu et al., “Comparative proteomic analysis of the esophageal squamous carcinoma cell line EC109 and its multi-drug resistant subline EC109/CDDP,” International Journal of Oncology, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 265–274, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Wang, X. Huang, Y. Li et al., “RN181 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth by inhibition of the ERK/MAPK pathway,” Hepatology, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1932–1942, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Y. Fang, S. B. Chen, D. J. Guo, S. Y. Pan, and Z. L. Yu, “Proteomic identification of differentially expressed proteins in curcumin- treated MCF-7 cells,” Phytomedicine, vol. 18, no. 8-9, pp. 697–703, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. M. Bradford, “A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding,” Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 72, no. 1-2, pp. 248–254, 1976.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Breier, M. Barancik, Z. Sulova, and B. Uhrik, “P-glycoprotein--implications of metabolism of neoplastic cells and cancer therapy,” Current Cancer Drug Targets, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 457–468, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. B. Longley and P. G. Johnston, “Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance,” The Journal of Pathology, vol. 205, no. 2, pp. 275–292, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. K. Rao, H. Liu, S. V. Ambudkar, and M. Mayer, “A combination of curcumin with either gramicidin or ouabain selectively kills cells that express the multidrug resistance-linked ABCG2 transporter,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 289, no. 45, pp. 31397–31410, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Shukla, H. Zaher, A. Hartz, B. Bauer, J. A. Ware, and S. V. Ambudkar, “Curcumin inhibits the activity of ABCG2/BCRP1, a multidrug resistance-linked ABC drug transporter in mice,” Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 480–487, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Lopes-Rodrigues, A. Oliveira, M. Correia-da-Silva et al., “A novel curcumin derivative which inhibits P-glycoprotein, arrests cell cycle and induces apoptosis in multidrug resistance cells,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 581–596, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Wen, B. Zheng, Y. Hu et al., “Establishment and biological analysis of the EC109/CDDP multidrug-resistant esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line,” Oncology Reports, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 65–71, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Schnekenburger, T. Karius, and M. Diederich, “Regulation of epigenetic traits of the glutathione S-transferase P 1 gene: from detoxification toward cancer prevention and diagnosis,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 5, p. 170, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Tsuboi, D. A. Bachovchin, A. E. Speers et al., “Potent and selective inhibitors of glutathione S-transferase omega 1 that impair cancer drug resistance,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 133, no. 41, pp. 16605–16616, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. P. Koh, H. H. Nelson, J. M. Yuan et al., “Glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene polymorphisms, cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer risk among Chinese in Singapore,” Carcinogenesis, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 1507–1511, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. S. Brammeld, M. Petljak, I. Martincorena et al., “Genome-wide chemical mutagenesis screens allow unbiased saturation of the cancer genome and identification of drug resistance mutations,” Genome Research, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 613–625, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. H. Park, W. Cheng, F. Lai et al., “Addressing drug resistance in cancer with macromolecular chemotherapeutic agents,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 140, no. 12, pp. 4244–4252, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Harbottle, A. K. Daly, K. Atherton, and F. C. Campbell, “Role of glutathione S-transferase P1, P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance- associated protein 1 in acquired doxorubicin resistance,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 92, no. 6, pp. 777–783, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Niitsu, Y. Takahashi, N. Ban et al., “A proof of glutathione _S_ -transferase- _π_ -related multidrug resistance by transfer of antisense gene to cancer cells and sense gene to bone marrow stem cell,” Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol. 111-112, pp. 325–332, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. A. Poynton and M. B. Hampton, “Peroxiredoxins as biomarkers of oxidative stress,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 1840, no. 2, pp. 906–912, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. J. Lee, D. H. Kang, M. Choi et al., “Peroxiredoxin-2 represses melanoma metastasis by increasing E-cadherin/β-catenin complexes in adherens junctions,” Cancer Research, vol. 73, no. 15, pp. 4744–4757, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Wang, Y. Cheng, N. Wang et al., “Dioscin induces cancer cell apoptosis through elevated oxidative stress mediated by downregulation of peroxiredoxins,” Cancer Biology & Therapy, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 138–147, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Fujii, Y. Ikeda, T. Kurahashi, and T. Homma, “Physiological and pathological views of peroxiredoxin 4,” Free Radical Biology & Medicine, vol. 83, pp. 373–379, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. B. Graham, G. J. Jasso, A. Mok et al., “Nitric oxide engages an anti-inflammatory feedback loop mediated by peroxiredoxin 5 in phagocytes,” Cell Reports, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 838–850, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. H. Park, Y. M. Chung, Y. S. Lee et al., “Antisense of human peroxiredoxin II enhances radiation-induced cell death,” Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 4915–4920, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
T. S. Chang, W. Jeong, S. Y. Choi, S. Yu, S. W. Kang, and S. G. Rhee, “Regulation of peroxiredoxin I activity by Cdc2-mediated phosphorylation,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 277, no. 28, pp. 25370–25376, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. G. Rhee, T. S. Chang, Y. S. Bae, S. R. Lee, and S. W. Kang, “Cellular regulation by hydrogen peroxide,” J Am Soc Nephrol, vol. 14, suppl 3, pp. S211–S215, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Manevich and A. B. Fisher, “Peroxiredoxin 6, a 1-Cys peroxiredoxin, functions in antioxidant defense and lung phospholipid metabolism,” Free Radical Biology & Medicine, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 1422–1432, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. D. Yo, Y. M. Chung, J. K. Park, C. M. Ahn, S. K. Kim, and H. J. Kim, “Synergistic effect of peroxiredoxin II antisense on cisplatin-induced cell death,” Experimental & Molecular Medicine, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 273–277, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Sreenivasan, S. Ravichandran, U. Vetrivel, and S. Krishnakumar, “In vitro and in silico studies on inhibitory effects of curcumin on multi drug resistance associated protein (MRP1) in retinoblastoma cells,” Bioinformation, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 13–19, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Lei Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies