Autophagy Induced by Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor 1 Mediates Migration and Invasion Targeting Atg5 via AMPK/mTOR Pathway in Prostate Cancer

Figure 5

CHRM1 induces autophagy-mediated migration and invasion by targeting Atg5 in prostate cancer cells. (a–c) Determination of the autophagy-associated genes by western blotting and qPCR. ; ; and . (d, g) Determination of efficiency of knocking out of Atg5 by Western blotting and qPCR. Data in western blot and qPCR are means ± SD (n = 3); ; . (e, h) Determination and quantification of autophagy-related proteins in PC‐3-sh-NC and sh-Atg5 cells treated with CAR by western blotting. ; ; and . (f, i) Determination and quantification of the expressions of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin in PC‐3 sh-NC and sh-Atg5 cells treated with CAR by western blotting. ; ; ; and . (j, k) Images of migration and invasion of the three tumor cell lines upon sh-NC, sh-Atg5, or sh-Atg5+CAR administration. Scale bar: 1 mm. (l–n) Quantification of migrated (invade) cell numbers in the cell migration (invasion) assays. Cells were counted in five random fields per section. .

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