Use of Antiepileptic Drugs and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Nationwide Case-Control Study in Prostate Cancer Data Base Sweden
Table 3
Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for prostate cancer based on specific antiepileptic drug usage.
Antiepileptic drugs
Cases
Controls
Crude
Adjusteda
Adjustedb
N
(%)
N
(%)
OR
95% CI
OR
95% CI
OR
95% CI
Sodium valproate
No
31474
(99.6)
156036
(99.5)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
Yes
117
(0.4)
766
(0.5)
0.75
(0.62–0.92)
0.79
(0.65–0.96)
0.85
(0.70–1.04)
Carbamazepine
No
31271
(99.0)
154852
(98.8)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
Yes
320
(1.0)
1950
(1.2)
0.81
(0.72–0.92)
0.86
(0.77–0.97)
0.92
(0.81–1.03)
Lamotrigine
No
31418
(99.5)
155872
(99.4)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
Yes
173
(0.5)
930
(0.6)
0.92
(0.78–1.09)
0.95
(0.81–1.12)
1.00
(0.85–1.18)
Levetiracetam
No
31498
(99.7)
156167
(99.6)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
Yes
93
(0.3)
635
(0.4)
0.72
(0.58–0.90)
0.77
(0.62–0.96)
0.85
(0.69–1.06)
Oxcarbazepine
No
31574
(99.9)
156730
(100.0)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
Yes
17
(0.1)
72
(0.0)
1.17
(0.69–1.99)
1.20
(0.70–2.03)
1.28
(0.75–2.17)
Ethosuximide
No
31591
(100.0)
156796
(100.0)
Yes
0
(0.0)
6
(0.0)
Topiramate
No
31557
(99.9)
156638
(99.9)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
Yes
34
(0.1)
164
(0.1)
1.03
(0.71–1.49)
1.07
(0.74–1.55)
1.12
(0.77–1.62)
Phenytoin
No
31540
(99.8)
156471
(99.8)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
Yes
51
(0.2)
331
(0.2)
0.76
(0.57–1.03)
0.81
(0.60–1.09)
0.85
(0.63–1.14)
Gabapentin
No
30840
(97.6)
152958
(97.5)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
Yes
751
(2.4)
3844
(2.5)
0.97
(0.90–1.05)
1.00
(0.92–1.08)
1.04
(0.96–1.13)
Pregabalin
No
31047
(98.3)
153780
(98.1)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
Yes
544
(1.7)
3022
(1.9)
0.89
(0.81–0.98)
0.92
(0.84–1.01)
0.97
(0.88–1.06)
Clonazepam
No
31511
(99.7)
156310
(99.7)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
Yes
80
(0.3)
492
(0.3)
0.81
(0.64–1.02)
0.85
(0.67–1.07)
0.91
(0.71–1.15)
Primidone
No
31568
(99.9)
156719
(99.9)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
Yes
23
(0.1)
83
(0.1)
1.38
(0.87–2.19)
1.42
(0.89–2.25)
1.42
(0.89–2.25)
Phenobarbital
No
31577
(100.0)
156707
(99.9)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
Yes
14
(0.0)
95
(0.1)
0.74
(0.42–1.29)
0.78
(0.44–1.37)
0.78
(0.45–1.38)
Lacosamide
No
31586
(100.0)
156778
(100.0)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
Yes
5
(0.0)
24
(0.0)
1.02
(0.39–2.69)
1.04
(0.40–2.72)
1.08
(0.41–2.85)
Zonisamide
No
31589
(100.0)
156788
(100.0)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
Yes
2
(0.0)
14
(0.0)
0.71
(0.16–3.14)
0.72
(0.16–3.18)
0.78
(0.18–3.44)
Eslicarbazepine
No
31589
(100.0)
156801
(100.0)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
1.00
(ref.)
Yes
2
(0.0)
1
(0.0)
10.00
(0.91–110)
9.39
(0.85–104)
8.50
(0.77–93.9)
adjusteda: educational level, civil status, and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI); adjustedb: for number of outpatient visits and cumulative length of hospital stay.
