Association between Sleep Habits and Metabolically Healthy Obesity in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 1
Characteristics of the sample adult (≥20 y, obesity: BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) population.
Characteristics
MHO
MAO
value
()
(,293)
Age (mean (95% CI))
42.3 (40.3, 44.4)
51.0 (50.7, 53.3)
<0.05
Age (% (95% CI))
≥20 to <40 y
49.8 (43.9, 55.7)
20.7 (17.1, 24.4)
<0.05
≥40 to <65 y
40.9 (35.6, 46.2)
58.9 (55.4, 62.5)
≥65 y
9.3 (6.0, 12.6)
20.3 (17.3, 23.4)
Sex
Males
39.2 (32.8, 45.7)
49.0 (45.7, 52.3)
<0.05
Females
60.8 (54.3, 67.2)
51.0 (47.7, 54.3)
Ethnic
Non-Hispanic White
58.6 (49.0, 68.3)
71.8 (66.4, 77.2)
<0.05
Non-Hispanic Black
21.5 (14.4, 28.6)
13.0 (9.5, 16.5)
Mexican American
9.7 (5.3, 14.2)
7.1 (4.8, 9.5)
Other
10.1 (6.3, 14.0)
8.1 (5.3, 10.6)
Education
<High school
19.1 (15.5, 22.6)
22.2 (18.8, 25.6)
NS
High school
22.1 (16.3, 28.0)
27.6 (24.1, 31.1)
College
58.8 (53.6, 64.0)
50.2 (45.1, 55.3)
Income
<$20,000
14.4 (10.9, 17.9)
18.7 (15.7, 21.7)
NS
$20,000–44,999
30.8 (25.3, 36.2)
29.9 (25.5, 34.3)
≥$45,000
54.9 (49.0, 60.7)
51.4 (46.4, 56.4)
Smoking
Never
58.9 (53.3, 64.5)
49.2 (45.7, 52.8)
<0.05
Current Smoker
17.1 (13.0, 21.3)
19.9 (16.7, 23.0)
Past smoker
23.9 (20.0, 27.9)
30.9 (27.7, 34.1)
Alcohol
0 drinks/day
31.7 (26.0, 37.3)
38.7 (35.1, 42.3)
NS
<3 drinks/day
45.1 (39.4, 50.7)
42.2 (38.9, 45.5)
≥3 drinks/day
23.2 (18.8, 27.7)
19.1 (16.5, 21.7)
Leisure-time physical activity
No reported PA
64.6 (57.7, 71.5)
70.1 (65.3, 75.0)
<0.05
1–499 MET min/w
10.5 (7.6, 13.3)
12.1 (9.3, 14.8)
≥500 MET min/w
24.9 (20.1, 29.8)
17.8 (14.1, 21.5)
Sleep hour
≤4 h
4.6 (2.8, 6.3)
7.3 (5.4, 9.2)
NS
5-6 h
39.6 (34.7, 44.5)
34.1 (30.5, 37.7)
7-8 h
50.9 (45.8, 56.0)
52.5 (48.9, 56.1)
≥9 h
4.9 (2.6, 7.3)
6.1 (4.7, 7.4)
Sleep quality
Good (<3)
18.4 (14.0, 22.7)
17.6 (14.8, 20.4)
NS
Fair (≥3 to <7)
23.8 (19.8, 27.8)
21.3 (17.8, 24.7)
Poor (≥7 to <12)
29.9 (24.2, 35.5)
27.3 (23.4, 31.2)
Very poor (≥12 to 24)
28.0 (23.7, 32.2)
33.8 (30.4, 37.2)
Physician diagnosed sleep disorder
No
90.1 (86.3, 94.0)
83.8 (80.7, 86.8)
<0.05
Yes
9.9 (6.0, 13.7)
16.2 (13.2, 19.3)
Mean (95% CI) for continuous variables and % (95% CI) for categorical variables. MHO is metabolically healthy obesity, based on the Joint Interim Statement of metabolic syndrome. , two-sided; independent -test or , as appropriate. NS is not significant.
